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NOWLEDGE 



EMBRACING — 



THE EARLY PRINCIPLES OF OUR GOVERNMENT, 



TOGETHER WITH ALL THE 



Cabinets, and a Brief Sketch op our Presidents from 
Washington to Garfield, with Official Reports 
and a Store of Miscellaneous Matter, 
alike valuable to the Student, Mer- 
chant, Mechanic and Farmer. 



y 



By ALBERT B. HUSSONG, A. M. 






1881. 



tf 



^ 



^° 



Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1881, 

By A. B. KUSSONG, 

In the office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington, D. C. 



Blomgren, Bros. & Co., OTTAWAY & COMPANY, 

ELECTROTYPERS, PRINTERS, 

! & 164 Clark Street, Chicago. 54 & 56 Franklin Street, Chicage. 



PEEFACE. 

It has been our aim to prepare a work of such general 

information, as we hope will make it a welcome visitor 

in every household. We present it to the reader in a 

concise yet clear manner, having spared no pains to be 

accurate, that the book may be both instructive and 

reliable. A. B. H. 

3 



CONTENTS. 



PAGE. 



America ._„ 7 

Alphabet, Telegraph 142 

Authors, Table of 116 

Authors, Sketch of 129 

Army, Pay of the 100 

Advertisements 208-9-10 

Cities, Population of Ill 

Colleges, Founding of 140 

Cabinets 14 

Conkling, The name of 49 

Congressional Vote of Indiana in 1880 67 

Congressional Vote of Illinois in 1880 68 

Coins,Value of 96 

Deadlock, The 48 

Drama, The 133 

Election, of President 12 

Election, of States 77 

Exchange ._... 103 

Electoral Commission of 1876 40 

Garfield, Assassination of .._ 199 

Governors, Terms of Office and Salaries 77 

Grain and Produce, Table of 109 

House, OfHcesof the 76 

Interest, Rate of 70 

Illinois, Representatives of 75 

Indiana, Representatives of 76 

Independence, Declaration of 147 

Inventors, American £ „ 112 

Language, Originof 123 

Language, English _. 125 

Legislatures, Meeting of 70 

Mountains, Peaks of 104 

Presidents, Sketches of 14 

Patent Fees 110 

(5) 



CONTENTS. 

PAGE. 

Population of the United States by Races in 1880 60 

Population of the Territories in 1870 and 1880 94 

Population of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Missouri and Kansas 

by Counties in 1870-80 61 

Popular and Electoral Vote of all the Presidents 50 

Popular Vote of 1876 and 1880 — 53 

Presidential Vote of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Missouri and Kan- 
sas by Counties in 1880 54 

Rivers, Length of 105 

Representatives, House of 75 

Rulers, Our 12 

Race, Human 121 

Salaries 51 

Senators Elect to the 47th Congress, 1881-83 74 

Senate, Officers of the 74 

United States Money „ ,. 95 

United States, Emigration to 99 

United States, Supreme Court of 71 

United States, Constitution of the 153 

United States, Postal Law 143 

Universities and Colleges 1S9 

Wood, Weights of 104 

World, Religious Divisions of the 109 

Washington's Farewell Address 177 



AMEEICA. 

America had been a field of speculation to the inhab- 
itants of the old world from its first discovery. Favorite 
navigators were equipped and sent forth to explore the 
New World. From the sunny land of Spain came 
Columbus, Magellan, De Soto and others. From Eng- 
land came the Cabots, Gosnold, Drake, Sir Walter 
Raleigh and Gilbert. From France sailed out Cartier, 
Ribault and Francis of La Rogue. Each country was 
anxious to obtain a foothold upon the soil of the Great 
West. James I. was upon the throne of England, 
Henry IY. was ruling France, and Philip III. was 
King of Spain when the first English settlement was 
made at Jamestown, in the year 1607. Charters were 
granted to companies of these different nations, convey- 
ing hundreds of miles of land, entangling boundary 
lines with each other and thus sowing the seed of dis- 
cord for future generations to reap with the sword. The 
story of our land had been told and emigrants poured 
in upon our shores from the various nations of Europe. 
The earliest settlements affected by the English colonies 
were those of 

Connecticut, at Windsor, in the year 1633- 

Delaware, at Christiana, " " 1638. 

Georgia, at Savannah, " 1733. 

Maryland, at St Mary's, " " 1634. 

Massachusetts, at Plymouth, " " 1620. 

New York, at New York, " " 1614. 

New Hampshire, at Portsmouth, " 1623. 

7 



O A STORE OF KNOWLEDGE. 

New Jersey, at Elizaoethtown, in the year 1665. 

North Carolina, at Albemarle Sound, " " 1663. 

Pennsylvania, at Philadelphia, u " 1683. 

Rhode Island, at Providence, " " 1636. 

South Carolina, at Charleston, " " 1670. 

Virginia, at Jamestown, " " 1607. 

From the settlement of Jamestown until the begin- 
ning of the Revolutionary War — covering a period of 
one hundred and sixty-seven years — America had been 
a land of contention; her colonies were at war with the 
hostile Indian at home, and involved in nearly all the 
wars between the old countries in Europe; her com- 
merce was restricted to such channels as pleased the 
will of a king; many of the subordinate rulers assumed 
the power and arrogance of a monarch, and manifested 
but little care for the toil and hardship of the laboring 
masses. 

England had been at war with France from 1689 to 
1697, known as Kino William's War. Again, in 
1702, declared war against France and Spain, known in 
Europe as the War of the Spanish Succession, in 
America as Queen Anne's War. A treaty closed hos- 
tilities in 1713. England was again at war with Spain 
in 1739 until 1744, when she again clashed arms with 
France, known in Europe as the War of the Austrian 
Succession, in America as King George's War. This 
was concluded by a treaty of peace in 1748. Prom 
1754 to 1763 occurred the French and Indian War. 
This was by far the most severe and destructive of all 
preceding wars in which the colonies were involved. 
In 1760 George III. ascended the throne of England. 
It was under his rigid and tyrannical rule that the 
English Parliament declared it their intention to tax 



A STORE OF KNOWLEDGE. 9 

the American colonies to defray, in a great part, the 
expenses of the French and Indian war — a war into 
which England had forced her colonies— not so ranch 
by reason of disputed claims as her avenging spite to 
France. One obnoxious measure followed another, 
until the English colonies became convinced that the 
only way to put an end to the submission was to break 
off all allegiance from the mother country. 

Now, the colonies, who but a few years before had 
aided the English in the prosecution of a war against 
France, were determined to free themselves from the 
oppressive yoke of Great Britain. 

The thirteen states, lacking Georgia, assembled at 
Philadelphia,. September 5, 1774, and drafted a 
"Declaration of Colonial Rights." This only stirred the 
ire of England to measures more severe, until as a last 
resort, Congress, July 4, 1776, at the risk of their lives, 
broken-up homes and desolated fields that would follow 
from the wrath of an offended king, drew up and signed 
the "Declaration of Independence," which concludes, 
" With a firm reliance on the protection of Divine 
Providence, we mutually pledge to each other our lives, 
our fortunes, and our sacred honor." 

The first battle had already been fought at Lexington, 
Massachusetts, April 19, 1775, and the war had been 
waging more than two years when the Articles of Con- 
federation were submitted to the State Legislatures for 
ratification or rejection; they were returned, requesting 
some changes, to which Congress readily acceded, when 
they were adopted and signed July 9, 1778, and became 
the law of the new government. This war, which lasted 
from 1774 to 1781, is known as the Revolutionary, or 
the War of American Independence. 



10 A STORE OF KNOWLEDGE. 

In May, 1787, a Constitutional Convention assembled 
at Philadelphia and from a revision of the " Articles of 
Confederation " framed the " Constitution of the United 
States," which was ratified by the thirteen original 
States in the following order: 

Delaware, December 7, 1787. 

Pennsylvania, December 12, 1787. 

New Jersey, December 18, 1787. 

Georgia, January 2, 1788. 

Connecticut, January 9, 1788. 

Massachusetts, February 6, 1788. 

Maryland, April 28, 1788. 

South Carolina, May 3, 1788. 

New Hampshire, June 21, 1788. 

Virginia, June 26, 1788. 

New York, July 26, 1788. 

North Carolina, November 21, 1788. 

Rhode Island, May 29, 1790. 

One hundred and four years have passed away since 
the adoption of our constitution. What a change has 
taken place! The development of our institutions stands 
without a parallel; the advance and rapid growth of our 
country throws a shadow over the civilized nations of 
Europe. Then, with but thirteen states and three mil- 
lion of people; now, we have thirty-eight states and fifty 
million of people; then, the planters of the South cleaned 
their cotton by hand, one pound being a day's work for 
a man; now, a single machine, the cotton-gin, performs 
the labor of five thousand persons. Then, the great 
wheat-fields were harvested with a reaping-hook, an acre 
per day to a man; now, a boy cuts and binds ten acres 
per day with the self-binding reaper. Then, telegraphy 
was unknown. France could declare a war, wage and 



A STORE OF KNOWLEDGE. 11 

almost end it before we would hear of it; now, we can 
read every morning at our breakfast-tables that which 
occurred in Europe the day before. Then, it required 
from one to five months to sail across the Atlantic; now, 
a steamer makes the trip from New York to Queens- 
town, 3,000 miles, in seven days. Then, not a mile of 
railway; now, we have 100,000 miles; besides the internal 
improvements, our vacant lands are becoming possessed. 
The total emigration to the United States for sixty years 
back numbers 10,000,000. For 1879 it numbered 
175,000; for 1880, 500,000; and from the present indi- 
cations, one million of foreigners will be landed upon 
our shores for the year 1881. Sixty thousand emigrants 
landed at New York during the month of April, 1881. 
In Germany emigration has almost assumed the charac- 
ter and magnitude of an exodus. Vessels are engaged 
weeks before their time of departure, and sister coun- 
tries will doubtless follow suit. What else does this ar- 
gue than that emperors, kings, and princes are becoming 
intolerable; that taxation and starvation to do them 
honor is becoming unpopular among the toiling millions; 
that Queen Victoria with her idle wealth of $15,000,000 
of royal gold and silver services at Windsor Castle 
alone, while poverty reigns in other parts of the Island, 
only rules badly; the same may be said of other 
crowned heads of Europe. No wonder they come! 

Our country hails the industrious of all nations — 
those who wish to engage in the various pursuits of 
American industry, to acquire wealth, educate their 
children and become a happy and prosperous people in 
the land of their adoption. 

Our commerce crosses every sea and enters the differ- 
ent ports of the world; our inland traffic upon the sil- 



12 A STORE OF KNOWLEDGE. 

ver lakes, bays and rivers is immense; our resources of 
wealth are inexhaustible; our broad prairies and fertile 
valleys are opulent, and our mines abound in riches. 
With an honest administration from the "government 
of the people, by the people and for the people," our 
land bids fair to become the most powerful nation of all 
Christendom. 



OUR RITLEKS. 

THE PRESIDENT, SUPREME COURT AND CONGRESS. 

In these three branches we have the Executive, Judi- 
cial, and Legislative bodies of our Government, from 
which eminate the laws that govern -the affairs of our 
nation. By an act of Congress, March 1, 1792, and as 
amended in 1845, fixes a uniform day of election for 
Electors of President and Vice-President — Tuesday after 
the first Monday in November preceding the expiration 
of a presidential term. These Electors meet at the cap- 
ital of their respective states on the first Wednesday of 
December following, " and vote by ballot for President 
and Yice-President; naming in their ballots the person 
voted for as President, and in distinct ballots the person 
voted for as Yice-President; they shall make distinct 
lists of all persons voted for as President and of all per- 
sons voted for as Yice-President, and of the number of 
votes for each, which lists they shall sign and certify, 
and transmit, sealed, to the seat of the Government of 
the United States, addressed to the President of the 
Senate." On the second Wednesday of February follow- 
ing, the President of the Senate shall open the certifi- 
cates in the presence of both Houses assembled, and the 



A STORE OF KNOWLEDGE. 13 

votes shall then be counted; the persons voted for as 
President and Vice-President, having a majority of the 
whole number of electors appointed, shall be declared 
elected. The newly-elected officers receive the oath of 
office on the 4th of March following. 

Upon taking his seat, the President of the United 
States appoints the members of his cabinet, which are 
sent in to the Senate for confirmation. At present they 
number seven, to wit: a Secretary of State, Secretary 
of Treasury, Secretary of War, a Secretary of the Navy, 
Secretary of the Interior, Postmaster-General and the 
Attorney-General. The Secretary of the Navy was not 
added until 1798. The Postmaster-General was not a 
member of the cabinet until 1829, although some one 
has acted in that capacity from the first cabinet; and 
the Secretary of the Interior was not added until 1849. 
The selection of a cabinet is a matter of much respon- 
sibility ; more so, even, than a majority of the people 
imagine. It is no difficult task to find seven men who 
are 'perfectly willing to accept these positions. The 
President is not put to a horse-back ride of thirty miles, 
through mud and snow, to call on a man and induce 
him to come forward. But to choose these members 
best fitted for the different departments of the govern- 
ment — men whose honesty, uprightness and integrity is 
beyond all question — requires a man of no mean ability; 
a man with a clear intellect; in short, a statesman. 
These members should be selected with great care, being 
chosen by the President as so many advisers, whose 
wise counsel is intended to assist him in executing the 
laws of the land. 

Now days, the gifts within the hands of the Presi- 
dent have become a burden to him. He is beseiged from 



14 



A STOKE OF KNOWLEDGE. 



early morn till late at eve; from the first faint dawn 
of election till the last fort is taken; and, no doubt, 
yields often to the powerful influence of friends against 
the dictates of his better judgment. Certainly, a bril- 
liant and wise administration is desired upon the part 
of every President, not only as a matter of pride and 
fact in history, but as a credit abroad, that our nation — 
abundant in wealth, glowing with intelligence, happy 
and prosperous — may stand a peer with any civilized 
nation in the world. 



WASHINGTON'S CABINET. 

1789-1797. 



Thomas Jefferson, Va., 

Edmund Randolph, Va., 

Timothy Pickering, Mass., 

Alexander Hamilton, N. Y., 

Oliver Wolcott, Ct., 

Timothy Pickering, Mass., 

James McHenry, Md., 

Henry Knox, ' Mass., 

Samuel Osgood, Mass., 

Timothy Pickering, Mass., 

Joseph Habersham, Mass., 

Edward Randolph Va., 

Wm. Bradford, Pa., 

Charles Lee, Va., 



Secretary of State, 
Secretary of State. 
Secretary of State. 
Secretary of Treasury. 
Secretary of Treasury. 
Secretary of War. 
Secretary of War. 
Secretary of War. 
Postmaster-Greneral. 
Postmaster-General. 
Postmaster-General. 
Attorney-General. 
Attorney-General. 
Attorney-General. 



George Washington was twice President, serving 
from 1789 to 1797, with John Adams, of Massachusetts, 
as Vice-President both terms. 

Washington was born in Virginia, Westmoreland 
County, February 22, 1732. His early education was 
very meager, only such as could be acquired at a com- 
mon country school; but endowed with mental supe- 
riority, and possessed of a practical turn of mind, he 
soon gained distinction throughout the limits of his 
native state; his even manner — unswerving in his con- 
victions of right and justice — honest and courteous in 



A STOKE OF KNOWLEDGE. 15 

dealing with his fellow-man — laid the corner-stone of 
his future greatness. He held the office of public sur- 
veyor when quite a youth, and was. only nineteen years 
of age when made a military inspector of a portion of 
Virginia. A dispute concerning the territory of the 
Ohio Yalley was now waxing warm between France and 
Great Britain, the latter having settled principally along 
the coast, while the French had explored the interior — 
up the rivers and northwest to the lakes. Before an 
open declaration of war between the contestants, Gov- 
ernor Dinwiddie sent a message to General St. Pierre, 
near the Presque Isle on the shore of Lake Erie, in 
hopes of affecting a peaceful settlement over the dis- 
puted claims; but to no purpose. Nothing short of a 
full surrender of the territory in question to the French 
would do General St. Pierre. War was inevitable. 
This message was borne by Washington; this was in 
the autumn of 1753, and Washington had just passed 
his twenty-first birthday. None but the bold, patriotic 
and most daring would have undertaken such a perilous 
adventure; his journey, which occupied days, weeks, and 
even months — traveling hundreds of miles through a 
wild and desolate country, was finally accomplished; and 
on his safe return, Old Yirginia struck glad hands with 
this worthy and future President of the United States. 
What then was a most hazardous undertaking — health 
and life exposed and imperiled — would to-day be a jour- 
ney of comfort and pleasure; the forest and wilderness 
shorn of original density, now teem with corn and gold- 
en grain; innumerable channels of trade and commerce 
are plied by the master-hand of Genius; and the iron- 
horse with its palace cars of art and beauty, bridges the 
rivers, tunnels the mountains, bounds o'er the prairies, 



16 A STORE OF KNOWLEDGE. 

and glides through the valleys from the Atlantic to the 
Pacific. Colonel Washington was helping suppress 
this, the French and Indian War, embracing a period of 
nine years from 1754 to 1763. Great Britain sent over 
General Braddock to assist the Colonies, with particular 
instructions to honor provincial colonels as " high pri- 
vates in the rear rank." Washington took offense at 
this, resigned and went home. In January, 1756, was 
married to one Mrs. Martha Custiss; but his services 
were indispensable and he was prevailed upon to return 
and assume his duties as colonel. Marching on to Fort 
du Quesne, Washington fell in again with this high- 
toned Braddock, whom he advised to go slow, so narrow, 
rough and hilly was the passage; but Braddock, more 
brave than judicious, pushed forward his troops into the 
very jaws of death — an Indian snare, and was handled 
without gloves; then it was, in the lull of battle, after 
the flower of the English army had been slain, that the 
fatally-wounded Braddock raised and recognized Colonel 
Washington, whose coat, too, the enemy had riddled with 
bullets, but whose life was spared to witness the sad re- 
sult of Braddock's hasty action. Done with this war, in 
which the English were finally victorious, Washington 
was next seen in public life as a member of the first 
Continental Congress, which met in Philadelphia Sep- 
tember 5, 1774. 

Ten years had scarcely elapsed, when the Colonies, 
taxed and sore from the late conflict with the French 
and Indians, were now upon the verge of a war with 
Great Britain. Congress reassembled May 10, 1775, 
during which session Washington was unanimously 
elected Commander-in-chief of the army; in accepting 
the position he declined any pay for his services save his 



A STORE OF KNOWLEDGE. 17 

necessary expenses, which Congress might defray if it 
saw fit so to do. Commissioned in June, he took the 
field in July, 1775 ; for the grim demons of King George, 
with their iron fangs and bristling bayonets, were al- 
ready abroad in the land. For seven long years of cloud 
and sunshine, snow and storm, success and defeat, this 
brave man led his army on, until the last foe from the 
British Isle, Cornwallis, surrendered his entire com- 
mand; this virtually closed the Revolutionary War. In 
the winter of 1783 a final Treaty was signed at Paris, 
by ambassadors from England, France, Spain, Holland 
and the United States. The substance of this treaty is 
thus briefly condensed by Professor J. C. Ridpath, 
in his History of the United States: 

" A full and complete recognition of the independence 
of the United States; the recession by Great Britain of 
Florida to Spain; the surrender of all the remaining 
territory east of the Mississippi and south of the great 
lakes to the United States; the free navigation of the 
Mississippi and the lakes by American vessels; and the 
retention by Great Britain of Canada and Nova Scotia, 
with the exclusive control of the St. Lawrence." In 
December, 1783, Washington resigned and retired to 
his home at Mount Yernon to rest, as desired, but only 
to be besieged by friends and letters relative to the for- 
mation of a new government. Next we find Washington 
Chairman of the convention held at Philadelphia in 
May, 1787, for the purpose of revising the Articles of 
Confederation, which, by various changes, became our 
present Constitution of the United States. Washing- 
ton, having been unanimously elected President, was in- 
augurated April 30, 1789, at the City Hall of New York; 
in the fall of 1792 was re-elected, and at the close of his 



18 



A STORE OF KNOWLEDGE. 



second terra was solicited to accept a third, but abso- 
lutely declined; resolving to spend the rest of his days 
in quiet and peace, since "The Rubicon had been 
crossed " and the foundation for the erection of a mighty 
republic thoroughly established. His " Farewell Ad- 
dress" was given to the people September 17, 1796; he 
retired March 4, 1797, to his home at Mount Vernon, 
where he died on the 14th of December, 1799. The 
capital of the country remained at New York until 1790; 
at Philadelphia until 1800, when by an act of Congress, 
previously passed, a tract of land ten miles square — 
ceded by Virginia and Maryland — united to form the 
District of Columbia, whereon was built the capital 
city of the nation. This tract of ten miles square is 
equal to one hundred square miles; in 1846, thirty-six 
square miles, on the Virginia side of the Potomac River, 
was receded to Virginia, thus reducing the District 
to its present area of sixty -four square miles. 



JOHN ADAMS' CABINET. 



Timothy Pickering, 
John Marshall, 
Oliver Wolcott, 
Samuel Dexter, 
James McHenry, 
Roger G;iswold, 
George Cabot, 
Benjamin Stoddert, 
Joseph Habersham, 
Charles Lee, 
Theophilus Parsons, 



1797-1801. 

Mass., Secretary of State. 

Va., Secretary of State. 

Ct, Secretary of Treasury. 

Mass., Secretary of Treasury. 

Md., Secretary of War. 

Mass., Secretary of War. 

Mass., Secretary of Navy. 

Md., Secretary of Navy. 

Mass., Postmaster-General. 

Va., Attorney General. 

Mass., Attorney-General. 



John Adams served four years; from 1797 to 1801, 
with Thomas Jefferson as Vice-President. Adams was 
born at Quincy, Massachusetts, October 19, 1735; was 
educated at Harvard, graduating at the age of twenty; 



A STORE OF KNOWLEDGE. 



19 



married a Miss Abigal Smith in 1764; was a member of 
the first Colonial Congress; was three years a minister 
to England, and Vice-President under Washington. 
After devoting forty years of service to his country, re- 
tired from public life to spend the rest of his days on 
his farm, where he died on the 4th of Jnly, 1826, at the 
ripe old age of ninety-one years. 



JEFFERSON'S CABINET. 





1801-1809. 


James Madison, 


Va., 


Secretary of State. 


Samuel Dexter, 


Mass., 


Secretary of Treasury. 


Albert Gallatin, 


Pa., 


Secretary of Treasury. 


Henry Derbon 


Mass., 


Secretary of War. 


Benjamin Stoddert, 


Md., 


Secretary of Navy. 


Robert Smith, 


Md.. 


Secretary of Navy. 


J. Crowingshield, 


Mass., 


Secretary of Navy. 


Joseph Habersham, 


Mass., 


Postmaster-General. 


Gideon Granger, 


Ct., 


Postmaster-General. 


Levi Lincoln, 


Mass., 


Attorney General. 


Robert Smith 


Md., 


Attorney-General. 


John Breckinridge, 


Ky., 


Attorney-General. 


C. A. Rodney, 


Del., 


Attorney-General. 



Thomas Jefferson served from 1801 to 1809, with Burr, 
of New York, and Clinton, of New York, as Vice-Pres- 
idents respectively. Jefferson was born in Albermarle 
County, Virginia, April 2, 1743; was thoroughly edu- 
cated and entered the profession of law; was married at 
the age of twenty-nine to Mrs. Martha Skelton; repre- 
sented his state in the Legislature; was a member of the 
Continental Congress in 1775, and the father of the 
Declaration of Independence; was Governor of Virginia 
in 1779; was five years a Minister to Europe; was the 
first Secretary of State and the third President of the 
United States. He and Aaron Burr received the same 
number of electoral votes, so the election went to the 



20 



A STOKE OF KNOWLEDGE. 



House, and after a six days contest, Jefferson was chos- 
en on the 36th ballot, and Burr receiving the next high- 
est vote became Yice-President. Jefferson was the first 
President to serve in the new Capitol at Washington; 
he was re-elected in 1804; according to the twelfth 
amendment, the electors were now required for the first 
time to vote separately for President and Yice-Presi- 
dent. He devoted the seventeen years of retired life to 
study of literature, and died on the 4th of July, 1826. 



MADISON'S CABINET, 



Robert Smith, 
James Monroe, 
Albert Gallatin, 
George Campbell, 
Alexander Dallas, 
William Eustis, 
John Armstrong, 
James Monroe, 
W. H. Crawford, 
Paul Hamilton, 
William Jones, 
B. W. Crowingshield, 
Gideon Granger, 
Reuben J. Meigs, 
E. A. Rodney, 
William Pinkney, 
Richard Rush, 



1809-1817. 

Md., Secretary of State. 

Va., Secretary of State. 

Pa., Secretary of Treasury. 

Tenn., Secretary of Treasury. 

Pa., Secretary of Treasury. 

Mass., Secretary of War. 

N. Y., Secretary of War. 

Va , Secretary of War. 

Ga., Secretary of War. 

S. C, Secretary of Navy. 

Pa., Secretary of Navy. 

Mass., Secretary of Navy. 

Ct., Postmaster-General. 

Ohio, Postmaster-General. 

Del., Attorney-General. 

Md., Attorney-General. 

Pa., Attorney-General. 



Madison served eight years, from 1809 to 1817, with 
George Clinton, of New York, the first term, and El- 
bridge Gerry, of Massachusetts, the second term, as 
Vice-Presidents. James Madison was born in Virginia, 
March 5, 1751. Officiated in the Continental Congress; 
married a Mrs. Todd; was a member of the convention 
that met in Philadelphia in 1787 to frame a Constitution, 
and succeeded to the Presidency in time to take charge 
of a war that was now threatening our country. Great 



A STORE OF KNOWLEDGE. 21 

Britain still held a grudge against the United States, 
and gave vent to her insolence by violating an inter- 
national law. Her cruisers were authorized to halt 
American vessels upon the high seas, go aboard, take all 
Englishmen found and press them into the English 
service, without " right or writ." This and many other 
grievances were bearing down on the American people 
at the beginning of Madison's administration, which 
resulted in a war at sea — declared against Great Britain 
by the United States, on the 19th of June, 1812, and 
known as the war of 1812. It was in this war that 
Commodore Oliver Perry, of Rhode Island, at the age 
of twenty-eight, with nine ships and fifty-four guns, 
met his antagonist, the British Commodore Barclay, 
with his six large vessels and sixty-three guns, in open 
combat on the waters of Lake Erie, September 10, 1813. 
The line of battle was drawn; both commanders were 
slow but sure of victory; cool and deliberately Perry 
threw a "light pounder" at the British for a "fielder;" 
and it was sufficient. With all their power and might 
the British navy responded, and shivered Perry's flag- 
ship almost to atoms; he only escaping in an open boat to 
another of his ships. Not in the least despondent, how- 
ever, he drove his fleet into the very midst of the 
enemy, and poured out volleys of thunder and death, 
until the British, wrecked and ruined, surrendered. It 
was in this engagement that originated the phrase, 
which Perry sent to General Harrison : " We have met 
the enemy and they are ours." It was in this war that 
the eternal Jackson fought the famous battle of New 
Orleans, and that, too, fifteen days after a treaty of 
peace had been signed between the United States and 
Great Britain. Jackson had not " heard the news." 



22 



A STORE OF KNOWLEDGE. 



Madison retired to private life March 4, 1817, and died 
at Montpelier, Va., June 28,1836. 



MONROE'S CABINET. 




1817-1825. 


John Q. Adams, 


Mass., 


Secretary of State. 


W. H. Crawford, 


Ga., 


Secretary of Treasury 


Isaac Shelly, 


Ky., 


Secretary of War. 


John C. Calhoun, 


S. C, 


Secretary of War. 


B. W. Crowingshield, 


Mass., 


Secretary of Navy. 


Smith Thompson, 


N.Y., 


Secretary of Navy. 


John Rogers, 


Mass., 


Secretary of Navy. 


Reuben J. Meigs, 


Ohio, 


Postmaster-General. 


John McLean, 


Ohio, 


Postmaster-General. 


Richard Rush, 


Pa., 


Attorney-General. 


William Wirt, 


Md,, 


Attorney-General. 



James Monroe served eignt years, from 1817 to 1825, 
with Daniel D. Tompkins as Yice-President both terms. 
Monroe was born in Westmoreland County, Virginia, 
April 28, 1758; received a partial education at the 
William and Mary College; took a leading part in the 
Revolutionary War, and by its close had reached the 
rank of colonel. In 1782 represented Virginia in the 
Legislature; applied himself diligently to the study and 
practice of law, and at the age of twenty-five was elected 
to Congress; six years later to the United States Senate; 
was a Minister to France; two terms Governor of Vir- 
ginia, and Secretary of State under Madison. During 
his Presidential term peace and quiet prevailed; several 
states were admitted into the Union, among them Mis- 
souri, previous to whose admission a lively discussion 
arose in Congress. Question: u Should Missouri be 
admitted as a free state V In the heat of a long and 
fierce debate, Henry Clay came to the rescue with his 
" Missouri Compromise Bill," which put a quietus on 



A STORE OF KNOWLEDGE. 23 

slavery for some time. The negative, however, gained 
the day so far as Missouri was concerned. Monroe died 
in New York, July 4, 1831. 

JOHN QUINCY ADAMS' CABINET. 





1825- 


1829. 


Henry Clay, 


Ky., 


Secretary of State. 


Richard Rush, 


Pa., 


Secretary of Treasury. 


James Barbour, 


Va„ 


Secretary of War. 


Peter B. Porter, 


N. Y. 


, Secretary of War. 


Samuel L. Southard, 


N. J., 


Secretary of Navy. 


John McLean, 


Ohio, 


Postmaster-General. 


William Wirt, 


Md., 


Attorney-General. 



Adams served four years, from 1825 to 1829, with 
John C. Calhoun, of South Carolina, as Vice-President. 
He was a son of John Adams, the only instance where 
a father and son have been chief magistrates of the 
country. We might predict the same for Robert 
Lincoln, son of Abraham. John Quincy Adams was 
born at Quincy, Mass., July 11, 1767; graduated at 
Harvard College at the age of twenty; became an 
efficient lawyer at the bar of Boston; received many 
honors of distinction at the hands of Washington, as 
well as from his own father; represented the United 
States at different times as Minister to Holland, Berlin 
and St. Petersburg; was Secretary of State under Mon- 
roe. In the contest of 1824 were Jackson, Adams, Clay 
and Crawford, neither of whom received a majority of 
the electoral votes. The House of Representatives 
chose Adams, who aspired for re-election, but his stren- 
uous advocacy of high protective tariff and noted hatred 
for slavery made his defeat an absolute certainty. He 
was, however, returned a member to Congress, and died 
at Washington during its session, February, 12, 1848, 
at the age of eighty-one years. 



24 



A STORE OF KNOWLEDGE. 



ANDREW JACKSON'S CABINET. 



Martin Van Buren, 
Edward Livingston, 
Louis McLane, 
John Forsythe, 
Samuel D. Ingham, 
Louis McLane, 
William J. Duane, 
Roger B. Taney, 
Levi Woodbury, 
John H. Eaton, 
Lewis Cass, 
John Branch, 
Levi Woodbury, 
Mahlon Dickerson, 
William F. Barry, 
Amos Kendall, 
John M. Berrien, 
Roger B. Taney, 
Benjamin F. Butler, 



1829-1837. 

N. Y., Secretary of State. 
La., Secretary of State. 
Del., Secretary of State. 
Ga., Secretary of State. 
Pa., Secretary of Treasury. 

Del., Secretary of Treasury. 

Pa., Secretary of Treasury. 

Md., Secretary of Treasury. 

N. H., Secretary of Treasury. 

Tenn., Secretary of War. 

Mich., Secretary of War. 

N. C, Secretary of Navy. 

N. H., Secretary of Navy. 

N. J., Secretary of Navy. 

Ky., Postmaster-General. 

Ky., Postmaster-General. 

Ga., Attorney-General. 

Md., Attorney-General. 

N. Y., Attorney-General. 



Andrew Jackson served from 1829 to 1837, with John 
C. Calhoun as Yice-President the first term and Martin 
Yan Buren the second term. Jackson was born in 
North Carolina, March 15, 1767. Left an orphan boy, his 
education was made up of piece-meals here and there. 
He first tried the harness trade; then undertook to 
amuse the children of a " deestrict skool;" afterwards 
moved to Tennessee and located at or near Nashville 
and began the practice of law. At the age of twenty- 
four he married Mrs. Rachel Robarbs. He soon reached 
the legislative halls of Congress and then the United 
States Senate. He was one of the coolest and most 
determinate men of his time; could settle a difficulty 
with an enemy by a friendly glass or a duel, and did 
not care a d — n which. As has been noticed, he took a 
hand in the war of 1812, in which he won his fame as a 
military genius. In 1817 the Seminole Indians of 
Georgia began to war on the settlers, when Jackson 



A STORE OF KNOWLEDGE. 25 

passed down with a few hundred Tennessee riflemen, 
and they soon said "enough." Still pursuing his 
course down into Florida he seized, court-marshaled and 
executed two British culprits, whom, it seemed, had 
been main leaders in attempting to incite the Indians 
to an insurrection; and this little incident came very 
near plunging America into a war with Great Britain. 
Many of Jackson's enemies — more eager for fame than 
bold — sprung the question of Jackson's right of pro- 
cedure on such a provocation; but on went Jackson 
until he had fleeced the Indians and drove the Spaniards 
to an island of the sea. Jackson was a candidate for 
the Presidency in 1824 but was defeated; in 1828 he 
was elected. Now his time had come. Opponents to 
his method of doing business in former years were 
numerous and had made his nomination a subject of 
jest and ridicule; but as soon as he had taken the oath 
of office he began his slaughter, turning men out high 
and low, until six hundred and eighty-three " heads had 
tumbled into the basket." " Pll show you, by the 
Eternal, who's running this government." 

He was re-elected in 1832. His heroic deeds were 
known far and wide; his vindictiveness was marked by 
the least casual observer; his measures were executed 
with an iron will, and his enemies were made to fear 
rather than trifle with him. At the expiration of his 
term he retired to his farm, and died on the 8th of June, 
1845. 

MARTIN V^ 

1837-1841. 

John Forsythe, Ga., Secretary of State. 

Levi Woodbury, N. H. , Secretary of Treasury. 

Joel R. Poinsett, S. C, Secretary of War. 

Mahlon Dickerson, N. J., Secretary of Navy. 

James K. Paulding, N. Y., Secretary of Navy. 



A STORE OF KNOWLEDGE. 



Amos Kendall, Ky., 

John M. Niles, Ct., 

Benjamin F. Butler, N. Y., 

Felix Grundy, Tenn., 

H. D. Gilpin, Pa., 



Postmaster-General. 
Postmaster-General. 
Attorney-General. 
At torney-Gen eral . 
Attorney-General. 



Martin VanBuren served from 1837 to 1841, with 
K. M. Johnson, of Kentucky, as Yice-President. He 
was born in New York, December 5, 1782. Unlike his 
predecessor, he enjoyed the advantages of a good edu- 
cation, and entered the profession of law with flattering 
prospects before him; soon attracted attention at the 
bar, represented his state in the Legislature; as Attor- 
ney-General, Governor, twice United States Senator, 
and on the 4th of March, 1837, inaugurated President 
of the United States. Was twice a candidate for re- 
election and both times defeated, when he withdrew 
from public life and died on his farm, July 24, 1862. 



WILLIAM H. HARRISON S CABINET. 




ONE 


MONTH. 


Daniel Webster, 
Thomas Ewing, 
John Bell, 
George E. Badger, 
Francis Granger, 
John J. Crittenden, 


Mass., 
Ohio, 
Tenn. 
N.C, 
N. Y., 
Ky., 


Secretary of State. 
Secretary of Treasury 
Secretary of War. 
Secretary of Navy. 
Postmaster-General. 
Attorney-General. 



Harrison served from March 4, 1841 to April 4, 1841, 
with John Tyler, of Virginia, as Vice-President. Har- 
rison was born in Virginia February 9, 1773; was edu- 
cated at Hampden, Sidney College. He chose to win 
his laurels in defending the early settlers of the great 
northwestern territory against the savage red man; he 
was a plain, economical, pure-hearted man, and soon 
won the esteem of his commanders and the good will of 



A STORE OF KNOWLEDGE. 



27 



his fellow countrymen. He speedily rose to distinction 
and was made Governor of the " Indian Territory," with 
the old French town of Vincennes as the capital of this 
vast area. After several decisive battles, among which 
was that of Tippecanoe, Harrison, now Commander-in- 
chief, taught the thirsty, scalping villains how to submit 
by the" force of arms. He was afterwards sent to the 
United States Senate from Ohio; was a candidate for 
President in 1836, but defeated; again the Whigs took 
him up in 1840 and elected him with 234 electoral votes 
against 60; died in just one month after his inaugura- 
tion. 



JOHN TYLER S CABINET. 



^Daniel Webster, 
Hugh S. Legare, 
Abel P. Upshur, 
John C. Calhoun, 
Thomas Ewing, 
Walter Forward, 
John C. Spencer, 
George M. Bibb, 
John Bell, 
John C. Spencer, 
James M. Porter, 
William Wilkins, 
George E. Badger, 
Abel P. A.pshur, 
David Henshaw, 
G. W. Gilmer, 
John Y. Mason, 
John J. Crittenden, 
Hugh S. Legare, 
John Nelson, 
Francis G. Granger, 
Charles A. Wickliffe, 



1841—1845. 

Mass., Secretary of State. 

S. C, Secretary of State. 

Va., Secretary of State. 

S. C, Secretary of State. 

Ohio, Secretary of Treasury. 

Pa., Secretary of Treasury. 

N. Y., Secretary of Treasury. 

Ky., Secretary of Treasury. 

Tenn., Secretary of War. 

N. Y., Secretary of War. 

Pa., Secretary of War. 

Pa., Secretary of War. 

N. C, Secretary of Navy. 

Va., Secretary of Navy. 

Mass., Secretary of Navy. 

Va., Secretary of Navy. 

Va., Secretary of Navy. 

Ky., Attorney-General. 

S. C, Attorney-General. 

Md., Attorney-General. 

N. Y., Postmaster-General. 

Ky., Postmaster-General. 



After the death of Harrison, Tyler accordingly be- 
came President; he served from 1841 to 1845, a full 
term lacking one month. Tyler was born in Yirginia, 



28 A STORE OF KNOWLEDGE. 

March 29, 1790; was educated at the William and Mary 
College; was five terms a member of the State Legisla- 
ture; was three terms in Congress; Governor of his 
native state and a Senator of the United States. At the 
opening of the Rebellion he cast his lot with the South- 
ern Confederacy, representing it in its Congress; he 
died at Richmond in January, 1862. 





1845- 


-1849. 


James Buchanan, 


Pa., 


Secretary of State. 


Robert J. Walker, 


Miss., 


Secretary of Treasury. 


William M. Marcy, 


N.Y., 


Secretary of War. 


George Bancroft, 


Mass., 


Secretary of Navy. 


John Y. Mason, 


Va, 


Secretary of Navy. 


Cave Johnson, 


Tenn., 


Postmaster-General. 


John Y. Mason, 


Va.. 


Attorney-General. 


Nathan Clifford, 


Me., 


Attorney-General. 


Isaac Toucey, 


Ct., 


Attorney-General. 



James K. Polk served from 1845 to 1849 with George 
M. Dallas, of Pennsylvania, as Yice-President. He was 
born in North Carolina on November 2, 1795; was edu- 
cated at the University of the state; afterwards moved 
to and settled near Nashville, Tenn. At the age of 
twenty-nine married Miss Sarah Childress, of Columbia; 
his course was first Legislator, next Governor of the 
state; seven terms a member in Congress, and in 1845 
inaugurated President of the United States. At the be- 
ginning of his administration a war was brooding be- 
tween the United States and Mexico; the prime causa 
belli grew out of a dispute concerning the boundary line 
between the two countries; Mexico claimed the territory 
between the Neuces and the Rio Grande Rivers; while 
the Americans considered the Rio Grande the dividing 
line. War was declared in May, 1846; Generals Scott 



A STORE OF KNOWLEDGE. 29 

and Taylor soon proved too much for them; into the 
hands of Scott fell the Mexican army, together with the 
Capital of Mexico; a treaty of peace followed, and was 
ratified in March, 1848. The boundary line was fixed 
to run from the mouth of the Rio Grande to the south 
line of New Mexico, along this territory west and north 
to the River Gila, which forms the line to the Colorado, 
thence west to the Pacific. Mexico relinquished her 
claims to the disputed territory together with New 
Mexico and Upper California, for all of which the 
United States paid Mexico $15,000,000, and her indebt- 
edness to American citizens, amounting to $3,500,000 
more. Polk died June 15, 1849. 



taylor's cabinet. 


March 4, 1849-July 4, 1850. 


J. M. Clayton, 


Del., 


Secretary of State. 


W. M. Meredith, 


Pa., 


Secretary of Treasury. 


George W. Crawford, 


Ga., 


Secretary of War. 


Wm, B. Preston, 


Va., 


Secretary of Navy. 


Thomas Ewing, 


Ohio, 


Secretary of Interior. 


Jacob Collamer, 


Vt, 


Postmaster-General. 


Reverdy Johnson, 


Md., 


Attorney-General. 



Zachary Taylor served one year and four months, with 
Milliard Fillmore, of New York, as Tice-President. 
Taylor was born in Virginia, November 2, 1784; re- 
ceived little or no education; moved with his parents to 
Kentucky and selected a home near the present site of 
Louisville; preferring a military life to that of farming 
he entered the army; received a commission at the age 
of twenty-four, and set out to help General Harrison 
subdue the Indians in the territory of which he was then 
Governor. One of his most noted acts of bravery in 
this war, was the defense of Fort Harrison; left in charge 
and but twenty-eight years of age, was unexpectedly at- 



30 A STORE OF KNOWLEDGE. 

tacked by an overpowering force of Indians; but he vig- 
orously repulsed the enemy and " held the fort." He 
took an active part in the Seminole War, and gained 
several signal victories over the Indians. At the break- 
ing out of the Mexican War he was dispatched to the 
scene of battle; one of his most brilliant victories was 
that of Buena Yista, with the odds of four to one against 
him, completely demoralized and defeated the flower of 
the Mexican army under the command of Santa Anna. 
Shortly after the close of this war, Taylor was called to 
preside over the American people, but only lived a short 
time; passing away July 4, 1850; died at Washington. 

fillmore's cabinet. 

July 4, 1850-Marck 4, 1853. 

- Daniel Webster, Mass., Secretary of State. 

Edward Everett, Mass., Secretary of State. 

Thomas Corwin, Ohio, Secretary of Treasury. 

Charles M. Conrad, La., Secretary of War. 

William A. Graham, N. C, Secretary of Navy. 

John P. Kennedy, Md., Secretary of Navy. 

Alexander H. Stuart, Va., Secretary of Interior. 

Nathan A. Hall, N. Y., Postmaster-General. 

Samuel D. Hubbard, Ct, Postmaster-General. 

John J. Crittenden, Ky., Attorney-General. 

By the death of Taylor, Fillmore became President, 
and served out the balance of the term, from July 4, 
1850, to March 4, 1853. 

Millard Fillmore was born in New York, January 
17, 1800; like Taylor his schooling was limited for the 
want of means; first apprenticed to a clothier, he em- 
ployed his odd moments in the study of books; followed 
teaching a while, and then took up the study of law. 
He soon built up a large and lucrative business at the 
bar of Aurora; was a member of the Legislature at the 



A STORE OF KNOWLEDGE. 31 

age of twenty; afterwards twice in Congress, and then 
Vice-President; was a candidate in 1856 for President, 
nominated by the American or "Know-Nothing party ;" 
he only received the electoral vote of one state — Mary- 
land, while his popular vote was nearly nine hundred 
thousand; he died at Buffalo, N. Y., March 8, 1874. 





1853- 


-1857. 


William L. Marcy, 


N. Y., 


Secretary of State. 


James Guthrie, 


Ky., 


Secretary of Treasury. 


Jefferson Davis, 


Miss., 


Secretary of War. 


J. C. Dobbin, 


N. C, 


Secretary of Navy. 


Robert McClellan, 


Mich., 


Secretary of Interior. 


James Campbell, 


Pa., 


Postmaster-General. 


Caleb Cushing, 


Mass., 


Attorney-General. 



Franklin Pierce served from 1853 to 1857, with Wil- 
liam R. King, of Alabama, as Vice-President; King re- 
ceived the oath of office in Cuba, where he was traveling 
for his health; returning home he died in Alabama, 
April 18, 1853, a little more than a month after receiv- 
ing the oath of office; and the first instance of the death 
of a Yice-President. Pierce was born in ISTew Hamp- 
shire, November 23, 1804; was educated at Bowdoin 
College; studied law at Hillsborough; was a member of 
the Legislature; at twenty-nine elected to Congress; af- 
terwards United States Senator, then President; retired 
to Concord, where he died October 8, 1869. 



BUCHANAN S CABINET. 




1857-1861. 


Lewis Cass, 
Jeremiah S. Black, 
Howell Cobb, 
Philip F. Thomas, 


Mich., 
Pa., 

Ga., 

N.Y., 


Secretary of State. 
Secretary of State. 
Secretary of Treasury. 
Secretary of Treasury, 



John A. Dix, 


N. Y., 


John B. Floyd, 


Va., 


Joseph Holt, 


Ky, 


Isaac Toucey, 


Ct, 


Jacob Thompson, 


Miss., 


Aaron V Brown, 


Tenn, 


Joseph Holt, 


Ky., 


Horatio King, 
Jeremiah S. Black, 


Ky, 


Pa, 


Edwin M. Stanton, 


Pa., 



32 A STORE OF KNOWLEDGE. 

Secretary of Treasury = 
Secretary of War. 
Secretary of War. 
Secretary of Navy. 
Secretary of Interior. 
Postmaster General. 
Postmaster-General. 
Postmaster-General. 
Attorney-General. 
Attorney-General. 

James Buchanan served from 1857 to 1861, with 
John C. Breckenridge, of Kentucky, as Vice-President. 
Buchanan was born in Pennsylvania, April 22, 1791; 
with a fair education he began the study of law; in 1814 
was chosen to the Legislature; at the age of twenty-nine 
was sent to Congress, where he remained for ten years; 
was twelve years a member of the United States Senate; 
Secretary of State under Polk; Minister to England un- 
der Pierce, and elected President in 1856. For many 
years the slave question had been a menace to our free 
institutions; each year added fresh fuel to the aggravated 
South; the admission of new states kept Congress in a 
continual broil; the repeal of the " Missouri Compro- 
mise Act" four years previous, was still a source of great 
disorder to the people of Kansas Territory; conventions 
and legislative assemblies were plentiful and turbid, out 
of which grew the Lecompton Constitution, nowise ap- 
proved by the Republicans, but, sanctioned by Congress 
and the President, became law. It was during Buchan- 
an's administration that John Brown, of Kansas, was 
executed in Virginia, whither he had repaired to incite 
the slaves to insurrection; this act created the bitterest 
feeling in the South towards the North; a war was no 
longer a question of time, but was already on our hands. 
Thus stood the state of affairs when Mr. Buchanan re- 
tired; he died at Wheatland, Pa., June 1, 1868. 



A STORE OF KNOWLEDGE. 



33 



LINCOLN S CABINET. 
1861-1865. 



FIRST TERM. 



William H. Seward, N. Y. , 

Salmon P. Chase, Ohio, 
William P. Fessenden, Me., 

Hugh McCulloch, Ind., 

Simon Cameron, Pa., 

Edwin M. Stanton, Pa , 

Gideon Wells, Ct., 

Caleb B. Smith, Ind., 

John P. Usher, Ind., 

Montgomery Blair, Md., 

William Dennison, Ohio, 

Edwards Bates, Mo., 

James Speed, Ky., 



Secretary of State. 
Secretary of Treasury. 
Secretary of Treasury. 
Secretary of Treasury. 
Secretary of War. 
Secretary of War. 
Secretary of Navy. 
Secretary of Interior. 
Secretary of Interior. 
Postmaster-General. 
Postmaster-General. 
Attorney General. 
Attorney-General. 



SECOND TERM. 



March 4, 1865— April 14, 1865. 



William H. Seward, N. Y., 

Hugh McCulloch, Ind., 

Edwin M. Stanton, Pa., 

Ulvsses S. Grant, 111., 

J. M. Scofield, — 

Gideon Wells, Ct., 

James Harlan, la., 

Orville H. Browning, 111., 

James Speed, Ky., 

Henry Stanberry, Ohio, 

William M. Everett, N. Y., 

William Dennison, Ohio, 

Alexander W. Randall, Wis , 



Secretary of State. 
Secretary of Treasury. 
Secretary of War. 
Secretary of War. 
Secretary of War. 
Secretary of Navy. 
Secretary of Interior. 
Secretary of Interior. 
Attorney General. 
Attorney-General. 
Attorney General. 
Postmaster-General. 
Postmaster-General. 



Abraham Lincoln served from 1861 to 1865, with 
Hannibal Hamlin, of Maine, as Vice-President. He 
served on his second term from March 4, 1865, to April 
14, 1865, with Andrew Johnson, of Tennessee, as Vice- 
President. 

Lincoln was born in Kentucky, February 12, 1809; 
in 1816 removed with his parents to Spencer County, 
Indiana, where they resided for some thirteen years, 
3 



34 A STORE OF KNOWLEDGE. 

when they moved to Illinois, in Decatur County. 
Abraham was now twenty -one years old, and while he 
had been deprived of a thorough education, he had 
devoted all his spare moments to a close study of books; 
he worked on a farm two years; took a part in the 
Black Hawk War; was elected to the Legislature at the 
age of twenty-five; began the practice of law at Spring- 
field in 1837, stumped the state in 1844: for Henry 
Clay, who was defeated by Mr Polk; three years later 
was elected to Congress; in 1848 was defeated for the 
the United States Senate, and again ten years later was 
defeated by Douglas for the same position; in 1860 was 
elected President on a minority vote of 944,000, owing 
to a " split "in the Democratic party. The history of 
Lincoln's administration, whose lot it was to carry 
through one of the most formidable wars of modern 
times, is still fresh in the memories of men, and his 
course is endorsed by the intelligence of the nation, 
regardless of party ties. We find him entering the 
scene of conflict in a calm yet determined manner, try- 
ing by all honorable means to dissuade the South from 
its disloyal course and prevent the terrible calamity of 
war; but moral pursuasion was out of the question — 
" patience had ceased to be a virtue," and nothing but 
a clash of arms would do the sunny South; they got it. 
The sentiment of the North and West was largely in 
the majority for restoring and maintaining the Union 
as it was, by peaceful means if possible; by war if 
necessary. Thousands of Democrats, as well as Repub- 
licans, shouldered their muskets and marched side by 
side upon the field of battle. After four years of strug- 
gle the South succumbed and slavery was wiped out 
forever from the American soil. Lincoln was re-elected 



A STORE OF KNOWLEDGE. 35 

in the fall of 1864, receiving 212 electoral votes against 
21 cast for McClelland. In this election eleven states 
did not vote, namely: Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, 
Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, South 
Carolina, Tennessee, Texas and Virginia. These eleven 
states seceded in the following order: 

South Carolina, December 20, 1860. 

Mississippi, January 9, 1861. 

Florida, January 10, 1861. 

Alabama, January 11, 1861. 

Georgia, January 18, 1861. 

Louisiana, January 26, 1861. 

Texas, February 1, 1861. 

Virginia, April 17, 1861. 

Arkansas, May 6, 1861. 

Tennessee, May 7, 1861. 

North Carolina, May 20, 1861. 
At the beginning of the Rebellion the slave-holding 
states included the above and in addition: Delaware, 
Maryland, Kentucky and Missouri — fifteen in all. 

Lincoln did not live to carry out his policy of another 
term; was assassinated by J. Wilkes Booth on the night 
of April 14, 1865, at Ford's Theatre, Washington. 
Never in the history of our nation were a great and 
intelligent people stricken with such sorrow. Foreign 
nations joined in grief with our bereaved people. The 
world knew him to praise him in life, and bitterly wept 
for him in death. His noble deeds have found a place 
in the hearts of nations, that will remain bright on the 
tablets of memory, and be cherished in all ages to come. 
He was buried in Oak Ridge Cemetery, Springfield, 111. 
By the death of Lincoln, Andrew Johnson became 
President, and entered upon the duties of office with 
the newly-appointed cabinet of Lincoln's second term. 



36 A STORE OF KNOWLEDGE. 

Johnson was born in Raleigh, North Carolina, De- 
cember 29, 1808. He possessed but little of this world's 
goods — no dishonor but very inconvenient; his educa- 
tion was neglected; learned the tailor trade at an early 
age; moved to Grenville, Tenn., in 1828; here was 
married, and by his intelligent wife taught the rudi- 
ments of the common school branches — not being able 
to write before his marriage. His first deal in politics 
resulted in his election to the council of his native vil- 
lage. From this he gradually rose — a mayor; a Legis- 
lator; twice Governor of Tennessee; ten years in Con- 
gress; United States Senator; Vice-President in 1864, 
and by Lincoln's death became President of the United 
States; a remarkable case in history where a man born 
in poverty — destitute of learning, without money or 
friends, rose from an apprenticeship to the highest gift 
in the hands of the American people. But, however 
well meant, his administration was very unpopular with 
both branches of Congress. To bind up the nation's 
wounds, restore the Southern States to their former 
status and pay the great war debt, now devolved upon 
our representatives and our chief magistrate. With all 
the experience of the past, the necessities of the present, 
and an outlook for the future of our nation, Congress 
set to work at its task. But a wide difference of opin- 
ion existed between Congress and the President — the 
former devising a way for the readmission of the seceded 
states; the latter claiming that the states had never been 
out of the Union. It soon became evident by a few 
vetoes that many measures of Congress were not in 
accordance with the President's ^views and could not 
become laws; and a continual disapproval of Congres- 
sional bills of reconstruction, and Edwin M. Stanton's 



A STORE OF KNOWLEDGE. 



37 



dismissal as Secretary of War, lead, finally, to a bill of 
impeachment, originating in the House but sent to the 
Senate for trial, presided over by Salmon P. Chase, 
Chief Justice of the United States. The trial began 
March 23, 1868, and lasted sixty days. Two-thirds ma- 
jority was necessary to impeach; it failed by the lack of 
one vote. After the expiration of his Presidential term, 
Johnson was returned to the United States Senate, and 
only served a short time when he died, July 30, 1875. 

grant's cabinet. 
1869-1877. 



FIRST TERM. 



Elihu B. Washburne, 111., 

Hamilton Fish, N. Y., 

George S. Boutwell, Mass., 

John A. Rawlins, 111., 

William W. Belknap la., 

Adolph E. Borie, Pa., 

George M. Robeson, N. J., 

Jacob D. Cox, Ohio, 

Columbus Delano, Ohio, 

Johu A. J. Creswell, Md., 

E. R. Hoar, Mass., 

Amos T. Akerman, Ga., 

George H. Williams, Oregon, 



Secretary of State. 
Secretary of State. 
Secretary of Treasury. 
Secretary of War. . 
Secretary of War. 
Secretary of Navy. 
Secretary of Navy. 
Secretary of Interior. 
Secretary of Interior. 
Postmaster-General. 
Attorney-General. 
Attorney-General. 
Attorney-General. 



SECOND TERM. 



Hamilton Fish, N. Y., 

W. A. Richardson, 111., 

B. H. Bristow, Ky., 

Lot M. Morrill, Maine, 

W. W. Belknap, la., 

Alphonso Taft, Ohio, 

James D. Cameron, Pa., 

George M. Robeson, N. J., 

Columbus Delano, Ohio, 

Zachariah Chandler Mich., 

J. A. J. Creswell, Md., 

Marshall Jewell, Ct., 

James N. Tyn< r, Ind., 

George H. Wi liams, Oregon, 

Edwards Pienepmt, N. Y., 

Alphonso Taft, Ohio, 



Secretary of State. 
Secretary of Treasury. 
Secretary of Treasury. 
Secretary of Treasury. 
Secretary of War. 
Secretary of War. 
Secretary of War. 
Secretary of Navy. 
Secretary of Interior. 
Secretary of Interior. 
Postmaster-General. 
Postmaster-General. 
Postmaster-General. 
Attorney-General. 
Attorney-General. 
Attornev-General. 



38 A STORE OF KNOWLEDGE. 

Ulysses S. Grant served from 1869 to 1877, with 
Schuyler Colfax, of Indiana, as Vice-President first 
term and Henry Wilson, of Massachusetts, the second 
term. 

Grant was born in Ohio, April 27, 1822; was edu- 
cated at West Point; was a soldier in the Mexican War, 
in which he received a captain's commission; returned 
from this and engaged in the leather business with his 
father at Galena, Illinois. Here he remained until the 
beginning of the Rebellion, when he was made colonel of 
the Twenty-first Illinois Regiment. He rapidly rose to 
lieutenant-general, and finally was commissioned General 
of the United States Army, with the pay of $13,500 
per annum. He won many brilliant victories during 
the war, which paved his way to the White House. 
Was unanimously nominated on the first ballot for the 
Presidency by the Republican National Convention, 
convened at Chicago, May 20, 1868; was renominated 
by acclamation in Convention at Philadelphia, June 5, 
1872; was both times elected and served the country 
eight years. In the canvass of 1872 Grant and Wil- 
son's opponents were Greeley and Brown. Since it is 
the only instance in our history where a candidate for 
the Presidency, elected or defeated, died before the 
Electoral College met, probably it might be of interest 
to show how the electors voted on the Greeley side, as 
the popular vote gave Greeley six states, with an aggre- 
gate of 66 electoral votes. The electors met as pre- 
scribed bylaw and voted as follows: For Hendricks, 
of Indiana, 42; for Gratz Brown, of Missouri, 18; for 
Jenkins, of Georgia, 2; for Davis, of Illinois, 1; not 
counted, 3. Total, 66. 

Henry Wilson, Vice-President under Grant, died No- 



A STORE OF KNOWLEDGE. 



39 



vember 22, 1875, and after much discussion in the Sen- 
ate, Thomas W. Ferry, of Michigan, was elected Vice- 
President, and assumed the duties as President of the 
Senate. Grant retired on the 4th of March, 1877; 
shortly afterwards made a trip around the globe, receiv- 
ing greater honors from the crowned heads of Europe 
than were ever given before to an American citizen. He 
returned and was a candidate before the Republican 
National Convention at Chicago, June 2, 1880; he 
locked horns with James G. Blaine, of Maine, which re- 
sulted in the nomination of James A. Garfield, after one 
week's contest. General Grant, having been elected 
president of the Mexican Southern railroad, sailed for 
Vera Cruz, April 3, 1881. 



HAYES CABINET. 



William M. Evarts, 
John Sherman, 
George W. McCrary, 
Alexander Ramsey, 
R W. Thompson, 
Nathan Goff, Jr., 
Carl Schurz, 
David M. Key, 
Horace Maynard, 
Charles Devens, 



1877-1881. 

N Y., Secretary of State. 

Ohio, Secietary of Treasury. 

Iowa, Secretary of War. 

Minn., Secretary of War. 

Incl., Secretary of Navy. 

W. Va., Secretary of Navy. 

Mo., Secretary of Interior. 

Tenn., Postmaster-General. 

Tenn., Postmaster-General. 

Mass., Attorney-General. 



Rutherford B. Haves served from 1877 to 1881, with 
William A. Wheeler, of New York, as Vice-President. 
Hayes was born in Ohio, October 4, 1822; entered Ken- 
yon College in 1838 and graduated in 1842, with the first 
honors of his class; completed a law course at Harvard 
University, and took up the practice of law at Fremont; 
removed to Cincinnati in 1849; entered the War of the 
Rebellion as major of the Twenty-third Ohio Regiment; 



40 A STORE OF KNOWLEDGE. 

in four months was promoted to lieutenant-colonel; in 
the fall of 1862 was commissioned colonel; in October 
1864, was promoted to brigadier-general; in the spring 
of 1865 was made brevet-general; while' in the field, 
was elected to Congress by a handsome majority of the 
voters of his district. This election occurred in October, 
1864, the thirty-ninth Congress to which he was elected 
did not convene until December, 1865, so Hayes re- 
mained in the field until the close of the war. In the 
Fall of 1867, he was elected Governor of Ohio, and again 
in 1869; in 1872 was defeated for Congress; in 1875 was 
for the third time elected Governor of Ohio; in June, 
1876, was nominated for President of the United States. 
This was one of the closest contests in the history of our 
nation; Samuel J. Tilden, of New York, a man of wealth 
and ambition, was a strong opponent, receiving two 
hundred and fifty thousand more votes than Hayes, and 
but one vote less in the Electoral College, after giving 
Hayes the doubtful states. The states in dispute were 
Florida, Louisiana, and South Carolina; after a long and 
bitter discussion it was agreed to leave the settlement of 
the question to a High. Commission of fifteen, composed 
of five Senators, five Representatives, and five members 
of the Supreme Court. We give the names and politi- 
cal complexion of this High Court: 

Senators: Geo. F. Edmunds, R., Vt. 

Oliver P. Morton, R., Ind. 
F. Frelinghuysen, R., N. J. 
A. G. Thunnan, D., Ohio. 
Thomas F. Bayard, D. ( Del. 

Representatives: Geo. F. Hoar, R., Mass. 

James A. Garfield, R.. Ohio. 
Henry B. Payne, D.. Ohio. 
Eppa Hunlon, D., Va. 
Josiah G. Abbott, D., Mass. 



A STORE OF KNOWLEDGE. 41 

Associate Justices of the Supreme Court : 
Nathan Clifford, D., Me. 
Samuel F. Miller, R., Iowa. 
William Strong, R., Pa 
Stephen J. Field, D., Cal. 
Joseph P. Bradley, R., N. J. 

As the summing up of this Electoral Commission 
showed eight Republicans and seven Democrats, the long 
discussions were just such wind " throwed away." Af- 
ter several days spent in examining evidence, and some- 
time in debate, the prize was finally awarded to Mr. 
Hayes, who was inaugurated on Monday, March 5, 1877. 
Many not satisfied with the decision, denied the validity of 
his title; be that as it may, it must be admitted that 
Hayes is a man of great ability, and no one can question 
his integrity, while the purity of his public and private 
life has never yet been assailed. His last official act was 
the veto to a bill, entitled, " An act to facilitate the fund- 
ing of the national debt." He retired March 4, 1881; 
on his return home, when within eleven miles of Balti- 
more, the train collided with two empty engines coupled 
together sweeping along towards Washington at the 
rate of thirty-five miles an hour; two persons were 
killed, but the ex-President and party sustained no in- 
jury; he reached Fremont, his home, on the 8th of 
March, 1881, and was received by a large number of 
citizens. In reply to a welcome address, Hayes said: 

"It strikes me that this is a good place to find an 
answer to the question which is often heard: 'What 
is to become of the man? What is he to do? Where is 
his place, who, having been chief magistrate of the re- 
public, retires at the end of his term to private life?' It 
seems to me the answer is near at hand and sufficient. 
Let him, like every other good American citizen, be 



42 A STORE OF KNOWLEDGE. 

willing promptly to bear his part in every useful work 
that will promote the welfare, the happiness and the 
progress of his family, his town, his state, and his coun- 
try. With this disposition he will have work enough 
to do, and that sort of work which yields more individ- 
ual contentment and gratification than the more con 
spicuous employments of public life, from which he has 
retired." 

Speaking of the new administration, he said: u Let 
us give it a hearty and generous support. To those who 
would not have chosen the new administration, let me say, 
imitate your gallant and patriotic leader, General Han- 
cock, who, by his presence and cordiality at the inau- 
guration, said to his fellow-citizens, let us give to Presi- 
dent Garfield a fair hearing and fair play." 

Garfield's cabinet. 

James G. Blaine, Me., Secretary of State. 

William Wmdoin, Mian, Secretary of Treasury. 

Robert T. Lincoln, 111, Secretary of War. 

Win. H. Hunt, La., Secretary of Navy. 

S B. Kirkwood, Iowa, Secretary of Interior. 

Thomas L. James, N. Y., Postmaster-General. 

Wayne MacVeagh, Pa., Attorney-General. 

James A. Garfield took his seat March 4, 1881, with 
Chester A. Arthur, of New York, as Yice-President, 
Garfield was born in Ohio, November, 19, 1831; his 
father died when James was but two years old, leaving 
his widow to rear as best she could her four children, 
of whom James was the youngest. He followed differ- 
ent occupations during his youth to secure means to aid 
his mother, and prepare himself for entering a high 
school. His course at the Hiram Institute enabled him 
to enter the junior class at William College, where he 



A STORE OF KNOWLEDGE. 43 

graduated in 1856, at the age of twenty-five. He imme- 
diately took a position as teacher at Hiram College; in 
1858 was married to Miss Lucretia Rudolph; in 1859 
was elected President of Hiram College. At the open- 
ing of the Rebellion, he resigned his professorship and 
entered the army as colonel of the Forty-second Ohio 
Regiment; was engaged in several battles of the war. 
After the battle of Middle Creek, in 1862, he was pro- 
moted to brigadier-general, and after the battle of 
Chickamauga was commissioned a major-general. Con- 
cerning the " lay of the field" of this disastrous battle, 
General Garfield says: 

"Rosecrans had crossed the Tennessee, and had suc- 
cessfully manoeuvred the enemy out of Chattanooga. 
The greater work remained — to march his own army 
into that place, in the face of Bragg's army, heavily 
re-enforced and greatly outnumbering his own. 

"The Ross vi lie road — the road to Chattanooga — was 
the great prize to be won or lost at Chickamauga. If 
the enemy failed to gain it, their campaign would be 
an unmitigated disaster; for the gate- way of the moun- 
tains would be irretrievably lost. If our army failed 
to hold it, not only would our campaign be a failure, 
but almost inevitable destruction awaited the army 
itself. The first day's battle (September 19), which 
lasted far into the night, left us in possession of the 
road; but all knew that next day would bring the final 
decision. Late at night, surrounded by his command- 
ers., assembled in the rude cabin known as the Widow 
Glen House, Rosecrans gave his orders for the coming 
morning. The substance of his order to Thomas was 
this: 'Your line lies across the road to Chattanooga. 
That is the pivot of the battle. Hold it at all hazards; 



44 A STORE OF KNOWLEDGE. 

and I will re-enforce you, if necessary, with the whole 
army.' 

"During the whole night the re-enforcements of the 
enemy were coming in. Early next morning we were 
attacked along the whole line. Thomas commanded the 
left and center of our army. From early morning he 
withstood the furious and repeated attacks of the enemy, 
who constantly re-enforced his assaults on our left. 
About noon our whole right wing was broken, and 
driven, in hopeless confusion, from the field. Rosecrans 
was himself swept away in the tide of retreat. The 
forces of Longstreet, which had broken our right, de- 
sisted from the pursuit, and forming in heavy columns, 
assaulted the right flank of Thomas with unexampled 
fury. Seeing the approaching danger, he threw back 
his exposed flank toward the base of the mountains and 
met the new peril." 

The author of Garfield's life — Edmund Kirke — adds: 
" It must be borne in mind that the Union army had a 
line of fully four miles, and was operating in a broken 
country, half forest and half cotton-field, from no one 
point of which was it possible to take in the movements 
of the entire forces. Rosecrans had established his 
headquarters for the day in the rear of his center and 
right wing, and on one of the foot-hills of Missionary 
Ridge. He was here about noon, surrounded by Gen- 
eral Garfield, Major McMichael, assistant adjutant-gen- 
eral, Major Bond, his senior aid, and half a dozen 
orderlies, when Captain Gaw, of Thomas' staff, rode up 
to his headquarters. The captain had been sent by 
Thomas with a message to General Negley, and had 
passed the right center just as Wood opened the fatal 
gap into which Longstreet streamed, breaking McCook's 



A STORE OF KNOWLEDGE. 45 

corps into fragments. Reining his horse to the right 
he got out of the way of the fugitives. A moment 
before Rosecrans had caught a distant sight of some 
scattering troops straggling over the hills, and he called 
out to Captain Gaw, as he approached, 'What troops 
are those coming down the hill V 

" c They are a part of McCleve's reserve, General — the 
right center is broken!' 

"In a moment more the hills were swarming with a 
disordered rabble, and turning to his chief-of-staff, this 
genuine soldier, who had never before lost a battle, cried 
out, his anxiety photographed in his face, ' Garfield, 
what shall be done V 

" Cool, clear-headed and intrepid, this glorious man 
and wonderful soldier took in, on the instant, the whole 
extent of the disaster. It did not stan him, but in- 
stinctively he turned to some one else to show the way 
out of the emergency. 

" As quietly as if on dress-parade Garfield answers, 
' Send an order to General Mitchell (commanding the 
cavalry) to fall back on Chattanooga; send another to 
the officer in command at Rossville to withdraw his 
guards, and let the retreating troops pass; and send 
Captain Gaw to General Thomas, asking him to take 
command of all the forces, fall back on Rossville and, 
with McCook and Crittenden, make a stand there, and 
hold the enemy in check until you can reorganize the 
broken divisions.' 

"Couriers are quickly dispatched with the several 
messages, and Captain Gaw has set out, when Rose- 
crans calls him back, and directs him to show them the 
shortest route to the Chattanooga Valley Road. They 
set out, through a trackless forest of cedar-brake and 



46 A STORE OF KNOWLEDGE. 

bramble, in the direction of Nickajack Trace. Now 
and then the commanding general halts, turns his head 
to listen, and says, ' Thomas is still intact;' then moves 
on in mournful silence. They come to the Dry Valley 
Road, and find it crowded with a tangled mass of horses, 
wagons and soldiers, moving briskly but without the 
energy of a stampede. As they pass this disorganized 
mass the general's face reflects the humiliation he feels. 
Then they leave the highway, and go on again over a 
rugged, trackless waste. At last they reach the Chat- 
tanooga Road, three miles by direct route from Thomas, 
and four from Chattanooga. Here they halt; and now 
occurs one of those ludicrous incidents which occasion- 
ally break the monotony of the severest battle. The 
government has sent out a commissioner to look into the 
state of the army — an honorable Senator, whose reputa- 
tion fills the country. He approaches them now on 
horseback, through the open field at the south. His 
horse is at full speed, and he is hatless, his clothing 
torn and begrimed with dirt, his hands brier-scratched 
and bleeding, his hair literally on end, and his face the 
very image of despair. Rosecrans salutes him; but 
passing the general without recognition, he rides up to 
one of the orderlies, and says, ' Sir, have you any tobac- 
co about you V The soldier takes out a package wrapped 
in tin-foil, and the Senator says, hurriedly and emphat- 
ically, ' I will give you five dollars for this tobacco, sir.' 
The orderly declines the money, but tells him to keep 
the tobacco; and then he turns to the commanding 
general, and, with a wild and vacant look, says, ' Your 
army has all gone to h — 1, sir ! Where is Nickajack 
Gap ? I am bound for Bridgeport.' Then, without 
waiting for an answer, he turns, puts spurs to his horse 



A STORE OF KNOWLEDGE. 47 

and gallops down the road northward. The next heard 
of him he was seated, canted back in his chair, and with 
his boots on the top of his desk, in the Senate Chamber 
at Washington." 

After this battle Garfield resigned his commission in 
the army to accept a seat in the House of Representa- 
tives, which he held continually from 1863 until 1879, 
when he was elected United States Senator to succeed 
Allen G. Thurman whose time, however, did not expire 
until March, 1881; but, in the meantime, with a " streak 
of good luck," was elected President of the United States, 
consequently he never qualified as a Senator, but re- 
signed his seat in the House of Representatives on the 
10th of November, 1880, to take his seat as chief execu- 
tive of the nation on the 4th of March, 1881. 

In this canvass there were three candidates in the 
field, Garfield, Hancock, and Weaver, brought before 
the people by the Republican, Democratic, and National 
Parties, respectively. These men were all three Gen- 
erals in the Union army, gallant, patriotic and brave, 
either of whom deserved the honor of President of the 
United States. 

The popular vote given to Garfield was 4,442,950 ; Han- 
cock, 4,442,035; Weaver, including the full Fusion vote 
of Maine, 372,743; Neal Dow received 10,305 votes on 
the Temperance ticket; total, 9,268,033. The Electoral 
College gave Garfield 214 votes and Hancock 155 Gar- 
field, receiving a majority of all the electoral votes cast, 
was declared elected, and on the 4th of March, 1881, duly 
inaugurated President of the United States. Notwith- 
standing snow and slush, the military display was one of 
the finest known to the City of Washington; the proces- 
sion consisted of about fifteen thousand men in line, 



48 A STORE OF KNOWLEDGE. 

witnessed by fully 150,000 people. At twelve o'clock 
Yice-President Wheeler swore in Arthur, the newly- 
elected Y ice-President, this ended the Forty-sixth Con- 
gress, of which Wheeler was President. Garfield de- 
livered his inaugural address to a sea of faces, at the 
conclusion of which he received the oath of office, ad- 
ministered by Chief- Justice Waite. 

From this 4th day of March, 1881, the Senate stood 
Democrats, 38, Republicans, 38, Davis, ol Illinois, vot- 
ing with the Democrats, and Mahone, of Virginia, with 
the Republicans; being a tie, it devolved upon the Yice- 
President to give the deciding vote, which was done in 
reconstructing the committees; but when the Senate 
proposed to elect new officers, the exercise of thds right 
was questioned, and the election was postponed by 
enough members refusing to vote to break the quorum; 
this "dead-lock," as it was called, continued until May 
4th — 60 days, when the Senate went into an executive 
session. A war between the President and Conkling 
was waxing warm ; agreeable to Senators Conkling and 
Piatt, the five Xew York nominations were sent to the 
Senate for conformation or rejection; in addition to 
these, the President sent in one of his own selection — 
that of Mr. Robertson as Collector of the port of New 
York; this presumed assumption upon the part of the 
President, without consulting Roscoe, was not imbued 
with a proper amount of Senatorial usurp, therefore, he 
declared himself against the President. This was the 
Genesis of the war. Committees waited upon Mr. Gar. 
field daily, to persuade him to withdraw the name of 
Robertson; the President listened long and fervently 
and finally said, "No! Since the right to exercise my 
constitutional prerogative free from Senatorial dictation 






A STORE OF KNOWLEDGE. 49 

is involved, I'll defend myself if Republican Senators 
band together in support of Conkling." The five New 
York nominations were withdrawn, but Robertson's 
name remained. While this Chickamauga wheel in 
tactics was an unexpected flank movement upon the 
enemy, he only " gnashed louder his iron fangs and 
shook his crest of bristling bayonets." Would that we 
could record the result of this threatening conflict! The 
reader knows by this time how the matter terminated. 
But at this writing we cannot tell. It can only be sur- 
mised. " For aught I know the next flash of electric 
fire along the line may tell us that Conkling, with every 
fibre quivering with the agony of impotent despair, 
writhes beneath the conquering heel of Garfield. Ere 
another moon shall wax and wane the brightest star in 
the galaxy of Senators may fall from the zenith of his 
glory never to rise again. Ere the modest violets of 
spring shall close their beauteous eyes at the approach of 
this summer sun, the genius of civilization may chant 
the wailing requiem of the proudest Senator that the 
Empire State has ever possessed, as she scatters her 
withered and tear-moistened lilies o'er the political 
tomb of Conkling." 
Byron says: 

'Tis sweet to win, no matter how, one's laurels, 

By blood or ink ; 'tis sweet to put an end 
To strife ; 'tis sometimes sweet to have our quarrels, 
Particularly with a tiresome friend. 
4 



50 A STORE OF KNOWLEDGE. 

In the table no popular vote is given from 1780 to 
1820, the electors during that time being chosen by the 
Legislatures. The following are the figures: 

CANDIDATES. POPULAR ELECTORAL 

VOTE. VOTE. 

1789— George Washington Unanimous 

1796— John Adams. . .Federal 71 

Thomas Jefferson Democrat 69 

1800— Thomas Jefferson* Democrat 73 

Aaron Burr Democrat 73 

John Adams ..Federal 65 

1804 — Thomas Jelierson _ Democrat 148 

C. C. Pinckney. Federal 28 

1808— James M'adison Democrat 122 

C. C. Pinckney .Federal 47 

1812 — James Madison Democrat 128 

DeWitt Clinton.... ...Federal 89 

1816 — James Monroe...... Democrat 183' 

Rufus King Federal. 34 

1820 — James Monroe .-. Democrat 

1824— John Q. Adams* Federal 105,321 84 

Andrew Jackson. . . Democrat 155,872 99 

W. H. Crawford Democrat 44,282 41 

Henry Clay Whig 46,587 37 

1828— Andrew Jackson. Democrat 647,231 178 

John Q. Adams .Federal 509,097 83 

1832— Andrew Jackson Democrat 687,502 219 

Henry Clay Whig 530,189 48 

John Floyd. Whig Q o m« ) H 

William Wirt. Whig dd ' 1Uy \ 7 

1836— Martin Van Buren Democrat 761,549 170 

Wm. H. Harrison .Whig _ 736,656 121 

1840— Wm. H. Harrison Whig 1,275,011 234 

Martin Van Buren Democrat 1,135,761 60 

1844— James K. Polk Democrat 1,337,243 170 

Henry Clay. Whig 1,299,062 105 

Jas. G. Birney Free Soil 62,300 

1848— Zachary Taylor Whig 1,360,099 163 

Lewis Cass Democrat 1,220,544 127 

Martin Van Buren Free Soil 291,263 

1852— Franklin Pierce Democrat 1,601,474 254 

Winfield Scott Whig 1,386,578 42 

John P. Hale Free Soil 155,185 

1856— James Buchanan Democrat 1,838,169 174 

John C.Fremont Republican 1,341,264 114 

Millard Filmore American 847,534 8 

1860— Abraham Lincoln Republican 1,866,352 180 

Stephen A. Douglas Democrat 1,375,157 

Jonn C Breckenridge Democrat 845,763 [• 123 

John Bell American 589,581 



A STOEE OF KNOWLEDGE. 51 



CANDIDATES. POPULAR ELECTORAL 

VOTE. VOTE. 

1864— Abraham Lincoln Republican 2,216,067 213 

Geo. B. McClellan .Democrat 1,808,725 21 

1868— Ulysses S. Grant Republican 3,015,071 214 

Horatio Seymour ". Democrat. 2,709.613 80 

1872— Ulysses S. Grant Republican 3,597,070 300 

Horace Greeley Democrat 2,834,076 66 

1876— Rutherford B. Hayes. Republican 4,033,950 185 

Samuel J. Tilden Democrat _ .4,284,757 184 

Peter Cooper Greenback 81,740 

Green Clay Smith Prohibition 9,552 

1880— James A. Garfield Republ ican 4,442,950 214 

Win field S. Hancock Democrat 4,442,035 155 

James B. Weaver National 307,409 

Neal Dow Prohibition 10,305 

♦Elected by the House of Representatives. 

Presidents Washington, Monroe, Jackson, YanBnren, 
Harrison, Taylor, Pierce, Lincoln^ Grant, Hayes and 
Garfield were soldiers in time of war. Only two of the 
number were wounded — Monroe and Hayes. 



SALAKIES. 

President of the United States. $50,000. 

Vice-President of the United States 8,000. 

Chief-Justice of the Supreme Court __. 10,500. 

Associate Justices, each 10,000. 

Cabinet Officers, each. 8,000. 

United States Senators, each 5,000, 

Members of Congress, each 5,000. 

Speaker of the House of Representatives _ . 8,000. 

In addition to his salary, each Senator and Congress- 
man is allowed 20 cents per mile for travel each way dur- 
ing sessions, and $125 per annum for stationery, newspa- 
pers, etc. Each state is entitled to two Senators, term six 
years; each state is divided into Congressional districts, 
the number depending on the population of the state; 
each district is entitled to one Congressman; the whole 
number of Congressmen and the two Senators of any 
state constitute the number of its electoral vote. 



52 



A STOKE OF KNOWLEDGE. 



STATISTICS. 



POPULAR AND ELECTORAL VOTE FOR PRESIDENT IN 1880. 



STATES. 



Alabama , 

Arkansas 

California 

Colorado 

Connecticut 

Delaware 

Florida 

Georgia 

Illinois 

Indiana 

Iowa 

Kansas 

Kentucky 

Louisiana 

Maine 

Maryland 

Massachusetts .. 

Michigan 

Minnesota 

Mississippi 

Missouri 

Nebraska 

Nevada 

New Hampshire 

New Jersey 

New York 

North Carolina . 

Ohio 

Oregon 

Pennsylvania ... 
Rhode Island... 
South Carolina . 

Tennessee 

Texas 

Vermont 

Virginia 

West Virginia .. 
Wisconsin 

Total 



Garfield. 
Rep. 



56,178 

41,661 

80,348 

27,450 

67,073 

14,150 

23,654 

52,648 

318,037 

232,164 

183,904 

121,520 

104,550 

31,891 

74,039 

78,515 

165,205 

185,190 

93,903 

34,854 

153,567 

54,979 

8,732 

44,852 

10,555 

555,544 

115,878 

375,048 

20,619 

444,704 

18,195 

58,071 

107,677 

57,845 

45,090 

84,020 

46,243 

144.397 



Hancock. 
Dem. 



90,687 

60,489 

80,426 

24,64 

64,417 

15,183 

27,964 

102,522 

277,321 

225,528 

105,845 

59,789 

147,999 

65,310 

65,171 

93,706 

111,960 

131,300 

53,315 

75,750 

208,609 

28,523 

9,611 

40,794 

122,565 

534,511 

124,204 

340,821 

19,948 

407,428 

10,779 

112,312 

128,191 

156,228 

18,181 

127,976 

57,391 

114,634 



\Veav< 
Gr. 



4,642 
4,079 
3,392 
1,435 

868 
120 



481 
26,358 
12,986 
32,327 
19,710 
11.49S 
442 

4,408 
818 

4,548 
34,795 

3,267 

5,797 
35,045 

3,853 

"""528 

2,617 

12,373 

1,136 

6,456 

249 

20,668 

236 

566 

5,916 

27,405 

1,212 

139 

9,079 

7,980 



4,442,950 4,442,035 307,409 214 155 369 



Electoral vote. 



Gar- Han- Tot- 
field cock al. 



10 



12 



10 
6 
6 
3 

6 

3 

4 

11 

21 

15 

11 

5 

12 



13 

11 
5 
8 

15 
3 
3 
5 
9 

35 

10 

22 
3 

29 
4 
7 

12 
8 
5 

11 
5 

10 



A STORE OF KNOWLEDGE. 



53 





President — 1876. 


President— 1880. 


STATES 
















Tilden. 


Hayes. 


Cooper. 


Garfield. 


Hancock. 


Weaver. 




Dem. 


Rep. 


Gr. 


Rep. 


Dem. 


Gr. 


Alabama 


102,002 


68,230 




56,178 


90,687 


4,642 


Arkansas 


58,071 


38,669 


289 


41,661 


60,489 


4,079 


California 


76,465 


79,269 


4Ti 


80,348 


80,426 


3,392 


Colorado . 


Electors 


by Legis 




27,4-50 


24,647 


1,435 


Connecticut _. 


61,934 


59,034 


774 


67,073 


64,417 


868 


Delaware 


13.381 


10,752 




14,150 


15,183 


120 


Florida 


22,923 


23,849 




23,654 


27,964 




Georgia 


130,088 


50,446 




52,648 


102,522 


481 


Illinois 


258,601 


278,232 


17,23? 


318,037 


277,321 


26,358 


Indiana 


213,526 


208,011 


9,533 


232,164 


225,528 


12,986 


Iowa 


112 099 


171,327 

78,322 


9 001 


183 904 


105,845 


32 327 


Kansas 


37,902 


7,776 


121,520 


59,789 


19,710 


Kentucky 


159,690 


97,156 


1,944 


104,550 


147,999 


11,498 


Louisiana 


70,508 


75,135 




31,891 


65,310 


422 


Maine* 


49,823 


66,300 


663 


74,039 


65,171 


4,408 


Maryland 


91,780 


71,981 


33 


78.515 


93,706 


818 


Massachusetts . 


108,777 


150,063 


779 


165,205 


111,960 


4,548 


Michigan 


141,095 


166,534 


9,060 


185,190 


131.300 


34,795 


Minnesota 


48.799 


72,962 


2,311 


93,903 


53,315 


3,267 


Mississippi ... 


112,173 


52,605 




34,854 


75,750 


5,797 


Missouri 


203,077 


145,029 


3,498 


153,567 


208,609 


35,045 


Nebraska 


17,554 


31,916 


2,320 


54,979 


28,523 


3,853 


Nevada 


9,308 


10,383 




8,732 


9,611 




N. Hampshire 


38,509 


41,539 


76 


44.852 


40,794 


528 


New Jersey. .. 


115,962 


103,517 


712 


120,555 


122,565 


2,617 


New York 


521,949 


489,207 


1,987 


555,544 


534 511 


12,373 


North Carolina 


125,427 


108,417 




115,878 


124,2-04 


1,136 


Ohio 


323,182 


330 698 


3,057 
510 


375 048 


340,821 


6,456 


Oregon 


14,149 


15,206 


20,619 


19,948 


249 


Pennsylvania . 


366,158 


384,122 


7,187 


444,704 


407,428 


20,668 


Rhode Island. 


10,712 


15,787 


68 


18,195 


10,779 


236 


South Carolina 


90,906 


91,870 




58,071 


112,312 


566 


Tennessee 


133,166 


89,566 




107,677 


128,191 


5,916 


Texas 


104,755 


44,800 




57,845 


156,228 


27,405 


Vermont 


20,254 


44,092 




45,090 


18,181 


1,212 


Virginia 


139.670 


95,558 




84,020 


127,976 


139 


West Virginia 


56,455 


42,698 


1,373 


46,243 


57,391 


9,079 


Wisconsin 


123,927 


130,668 


1,509 


144397 

4,442,950 


114,634 
4,442,035 


7,980 


Total 


4,284.757 


4,033,950 


81,740 


307,409 



* Weaver's straight vote is 307,409. Counting the full "Fusion 
vote of Maine it is 372,743. 



54 



A STORE OF KNOWLEDGE. 



OFFICIAL RETURNS. OHIO. 

[Taken from the American Almanac for 1881.] 



Ohio 
By Counties. 



Franklin . - . 


9,438 


Fulton 


2,912 


Gallia 


3,488 


Geauga 


3,053 


Greene 


4,927 


Guernsey. .. 


3,318 


Hamilton. .. 


35,173 


Hancock ... 


3,124 


Hardin 


3,472 


Harrison ... 


2,767 


Henry 


1,738 


Highland... 


3,648 


Hocking 


1,830 


Holmes 


1,370 


Huron 


4,566 


Jackson 


2,763 


Jefferson ... 


4,434 


Knox 


3,432 


Lake 


2,978 


Lawrence. _. 


4,627 


Licking 


4,210 


Logan 


3,739 


Lorain 


5,609 


Lucas 


7,157 


Madison 


2,680 


Mahoning.. 


4,943 


Marion 


2,192 


Medina 


3,340 


Meigs 


4,103 


Mercer 


1,473 


Miami 


4,928 


Monroe 


1,600 



Total. 



President— 1880. 



Garfield. 
Rep. 



Han- 
cock. 
Dem. 



9,863 
1,787 
2,310 
815 
2,455 
2,568 
30,122 
3,350 
3,032 
2,082 
2,871 
3,490 
2,422 
3,281 
3,040 
2,031 
2,945 
3,475 
1,104 
2,862 
5,575 
2,468 
2,752 
5,985 
2,305 
4,044 
2,932 
2,158 
2,749 
3,367 
3,604 
3,751 



Wea- 
ver. 
Gr, 



97 
85 

7 
52 

9 

26 
102 



33 Berry 



5 

177 
35 
77 
58 

108 
17 
74 
21 
67 

426 
15 

241 
7 
21 
10 
13 
40 

106 



Ohio 
By Counties. 



Montgomery 

Morgan 

Morrow 

Muskingum 

Noble. 

Ottawa 

Paulding.. . 



Pickaway .. 
Pike 

Portage 

Preble 

Putnam 

Richland... 

Ross 

Sandusky. .. 

Scioto 

Seneca 

Shelby 

Stark. _ 

Summit 

Trumbull 

Tuscarawas. 

Union 

Van Wert... 
Vinton ..... 

Warren 

Washington 

Wayne 

Williams ... 

Wood 

Wyandot . . . 



President — 1880. 



Garfield. 


Han- 


Wea- 




cock. 


ver. 




Dem. 


Gr. 


9,726 


10,332 


54 


2,510 


2,091 


26 


2,581 


2 143 


42 


5,804 


5,336 


68 


2,316 


2,044 


188 


1,510 


2,559 


59 


1,527 


1,431 


5 


2,676 


3,187 


377 


2,910 


3,753 


4 


1,756 


2,192 


25 


3,990 


3,147 


86 


3,183 


2,711 


4 


1,851 


3 417 


24 


4,032 


4,885 


6 


4,734 


4,551 


28 


3,059 


3,640 


148 


3,639 


2,912 


61 


4,008 


4,845 


109 


2,274 


3,320 


8 


7,264 


6,965 


193 


5,890 


4,071 


192 


6,796 


3,184 


208 


4,096 


4,844 


71 


3,302 


2,236 


2 


2,634 


2,571 


5 


1,700 


1,992 


5 


4,565 


2,564 


5 


4,711 


4,452 


112 


4,424 


4,819 


23 


2,881 


2,596 


176 


4,305 


3,441 


179 


2,398 


2,981 


2 


375,C48 


340,821 


6,456 



A STORE OF KNOWLEDGE. 



55 



OFFICIAL RETURNS. INDIANA. 

[Taken from the American Almanac for 1?81.] 



Indiana 
By Counties. 



Adams 

Allen 

Bartholomew 

Benton 

Blackford ... 

Boone 

Brown 

Carroll 

Cass , 

Clark 

Clay 

Clinton.. 

Crawford 

Daviess 

Dearborn 

Decatur 

DeKalb 

Delaware 

Dubois 

Elkhart 

Fayette 

Floyd.. 

Fountain 

Franklin 

Fulton 

Gibson 

Grant 

Greene 

Hamilton 

Hancock 

Harrison 

Hendricks... 

Henry 

Howard 

Huntington.. 

Jackson 

Jasper 

Jay 

Jefferson 

Jennings 



President— 1880. 


Han- 


Gar- 


Wea- 


cock. 


field. 


ver. 


Dem. 


Rep. 


Gr. 


2,226 


1,C14 


21 


7,791 


4,815 


84 


2,730 


2,575 


57 


1,272 


1,522 


62 


1,029 


781 


127 


2,742 


2,770 


690 


1,576 


599 


42 


2,215 


2,205 


61 


3,579 


3,387 


119 


3,659 


2,899 


84 


2,893 


2,851 


363 


3,015 


2.565 


110 


1,368 


1,134 


55 


2,357 


2,320 


85 


3,615 


2,547 


27 


2,291 


2,599 


94 


2,582 


2,441 


110 


1,826 


3,683 


59 


2,498 


900 


15 


3,472 


4.191 


187 


1,230 


1,760 


11 


3,160 


2,114 


176 


2,261 


2,257 


554 


3.151 


1,683 


2 


1,804 


1,757 


51 


2,477 


2,662 


74 


2,378 


3,138 


158 


2,246 


2,456 


192 


2,093 


3,638 


166 


2,273 


1,-722 


125 


2,481 


1,950 


131 


1,994 


3,196 


218 


2,031 


3,784 


25v 


1,796 


3,000 


121 


2,657 


2,638 


125 


3,138 


1,997 


67 


848 


1,320 


91 


2,161 


2,243 


156 


2,647 


3,296 


60 


1,710 


2,068 


56 



Indiana 
By Counties. 



Johnson.. 

Knox 

Kosciusko 
Lagrange. 

Lake 

Laporte .. 
Lawrence. 
Madison . . 
Marion... 
Marshall . 

Martin 

Miami 

Monroe... 
Montgomery . . 
Morgan .. 
Newton _. 
Noble.... 

Ohio 

Orange... 

Owen 

Parke 

Perry 

Pike 

Porter 

Posey 

Pulaski .. 
Putnam .. 
Randolph. 

Ripley 

Rush 

Scott 

Shelby ... 
Spencer... 

Stark 

St. Joseph. 
Steuben .. 
Sullivan ... 
Switzerland ... 
Tippecanoe 
Tipton 



President — If: 


Han- 


Gar- 


cock. 


field. 


Dem. 


Rep. 


2,461 


2,020 


3,443 


2,693 


2,837 


3,571 


1,393 


2C67 


1,198 


2,102 


3,>80 


3,631 


1,701 


2,057 


3,722 


2,798 


11.362 


13,803 


2,679 


2.136 


1.621 


1,311 


3,066 


8,0! 6 


1.682 


1,780 


3,405 


3,643 


2,046 


2,391 


716 


1 ,202 


2,878 


2 878 


588 


727 


1,521 


1,421 


1,977 


1.486 


1,875 


1.672 


1,867 


1,659 


1,760 


1,618 


1,578 


2,243 


2,615 


2,127 


1,004 


897 


2,850 


2,539 


2,058 


4,295 


2,470 


2,399 


2,324 


2,677 


1,100 


771 


3,555 


2,648 


2,475 


2,363 


563 


381 


3,682 


4,147 


1,283 


2,325 


3,049 


1,607 


1,429 


1,549 


3,820 


5,061 


1,856 


1,518 



Wea- 
ver. 
Gr. 



287 

24 

93 

116 

39 

121 

146 

93 

708 

555 

37 

107 

165 

163 

133 

103 

31 

18 

97 

106 

236 

27 

229 

117 

23 

289 

119 

44 

12 

52 

16 

68 

79 

178 

330 

106 

140 

160 

136 

62 



56 



A STORE OF KNOWLEDGE. 
INDIANA CONTINUED. 



Indiana 


President— 1880. 


Indiana 
By Counties. 


President— 1880. 


By Counties. 


Han- 
cock. 
Dem. 


Gar- 
field. 
Rep. 


Wea- 
ver. 
Gr. 


Han- 
cock. 
Dem. 


Gar- 
field. 
Rep. 


Wea- 
ver. 
Gr. 


Union 

Vanderburgh . 

Vermillion 

Vigo.. 

Wabash _ 

Warren 

Total 


816 
4,481 
1,235 
4,576 
2,339 

901 


1,085 

4,909 
1,562 
4,983 
3.739 
1,850 


3 

235 

149 

781 

56 

124 


Warrick 

Washington .. 

Wayne 

Wells 

White 

Whitney 


2,344 

2,400 
3,325 
2,395 
1,591 
2,229 

225,528 


2,008 
1709 

6,252 
1,515 
1,610 
1,941 

2:13,164 


72 

25 

138 

513 

124 

93 

12.986 



OFFICIAL RETURNS — ILLINOIS. 
[Taken from the American Almanac for 1881.] 



Illinois 
By Counties. 



Adams 

Alexander.. 

Bond 

Boone 

Brown 

Bureau 

Calhoun 

Carroll 

Cass 

Champaign. 
Christian... 

Clark 

Clay 

Clinton 

Coles 

Cook 

Crawford... 
Cumberland 
DeKalb ... 

DeWitt 

Douglass 

Du Page ... 



President— 


-1880. 


Gar- 


Han- 


Wea- 


field. 


cock. 


ver. 


Rep. 


Dem. 


Gr. 


4,987 


6,113 


608 


1,579 


1,353 


46 


1,71) 


1,273 


108 


2,038 


321 


84 


1,008 


1,655 


153 


4,099 


2,655 


329 


505 


946 


22 , 


2,396 


960 


154 


1,262 


1,778 


224 


4,720 


3,472 


566 


2,687 


3,346 


194 


1,999 


2,374 


337 


1,555 


1,660 


135 


1,578 


2,242 


116 


2,991 


2,905 


141 


54,816 


44,302 


1,168 


1,541 


1,917 


24 


1,365 


1,563 


92 


4,124 


1,578 


194 


2,011 


1.845 


168 


1,918 


1,689 


6 r > 


2,327 


1,229 


16 



Illinois 
By Counties. 



Edgar 

Edwards 

Effingham 

Fayette 

Ford. 

Franklin 

Fulton 

Gallatin 

Greene 

Grundy 

Hamilton 

Hancock 

Hardin 

Henderson 

Henry 

Iroquois 

Jackson 

Jasper 

Jefferson 

Jersey 

Jo Daviess 

Johnson 



President— 1880. 



Gar- 


Han- 


field. 


cock. 


Rep. 


Dem. 


2,834 


2,989 


1,177 


575 


1,361 


2,452 


2,135 


2,633 


1,857 


780 


1,286 


1,610 


4,108 


4,718 


1,050 


1,574 


1,865 


3,160 


2,087 


1,135 


1,002 


1,760 


3,610 


3,957 


484 


765 


1,270 


923 


4,469 


2,961 


4,128 


2,738 


2,152 


2,160 


1,194 


1,761 


1,700 


2,304 


1,348 


2,107 


2,994 


2,363 


1,521 


893 



Wea- 
ver. 
Gr. 

127 

10 

100 

207 

455 

283 

553 

20 

49 

202 

499 

274 

10 

152 

730 

443 

493 

88 

311 

123 

168 

170 



A STORE OF KNOWLEDGE. 
ILLINOIS — CONTINUED. 



57 



Illinois 
Ey Counties. 



Kane 

Kankakee ... 

Kendall 

Knox 

Lake. 

La Salle 

Lawrence 

Lee 

Livingston ... 

Logan 

Macon , 

Macoupin 

Madison 

Marion. 

Marshall ..... 

Mason 

Massac 

McDonough.. 

McHenry 

McLean 

Menard 

Mercer 

Monroe 

Montgomery. 

Morgan 

Moultrie 

Ogle 

Peoria 

Perry 



Total. 



President — 


1880. 


Gar- 


Han- 


Wea- 


field. 


cock. 


ver. 


Rep. 
6,180 


Dem. 


Gr. 


2,831 


410 


3,201 


1,640 


107 


1,954 


679 


233 


4,863 


2,392 


869 


2,884 


1,494 


59 


6,941 


6,308 


892 


1,492 


1,497 


39 


3,359 


2,242 


195 


3,771 


2,861 


865 


2,729 


2,687 


121 


3,447 


3,069 


185 


; 3,904 


4,341 


113 


5,024 


4,677 


115 


2,060 


2,507 


471 


1,684 


1,603 


107 


1,616 


1,926 


14H 


1,484 


778 


14 


; 3,014 


2,877 


468 


3,516 


1,799 


194 


7,317 


5,202 


317 


994 


1,473 


470 


2.348 


1,487 


448 


1,172 


1,712 




2,702 


3,173 


201 


3,199 


3.452 


297 


1,233 


1,593 


197 


4,054 


2,085 


249 


5,105 


5,705 


720 


1,751 


1,535 


64 



Illinois 
By Counties. 



Piatt 

Pike 

Pope 

Pulaski 

Putnam 

Randolph ... 

Richland 

Rock Island. 

Saline 

Sangamon... 

Schuyler 

Scott 

Shelby 

Stark 

St. Clair .... 
Stephenson - 

Tazewell 

Union 

Vermillion.. 

Wabash 

Warren 

Washington . 

Wayne . 

White 

Whiteside ... 

Will 

Williamson . 
Winnebago.. 
Woodford ... 



President— 1880. 



Gar- 


Han- 


Wea- 


field. 


cock. 


ver. 


Rep. 


Dem. 


Gr. 


1,855 


1,578 


156 


2,968 


3,812 


777 


1,561 


914 


39 


1,174 


742 


37 


704 


I 503 


2 


2,705 


/ 2,614 


41 


1,628 


1,736 


2 


4,025 


2,665 


1,001 


1,488 


1,608 


25 


5,476 


6.196 


238 


1,520 


1,937 


69 


1,035 


1.288 


129 


2,017 


3,328 


1,017 


1,382 


681 


380 


5,847 


5,877 


251 


3,581 


3,071 


65 


2,919 


3,367 


153 


1,139 


2,264 


10 


4,982 


3,421 


453 


939 


1 142 


39 


2,849 


2,003 


305 


2,280 


1,912 


44 


2,063 


2,204 


159 


1,811 


2,591 


265 


3,918 


2.215 


403 


5,776 


3,803 


S8S 


1,853 


1,825 


141 


4,617 


1,511 


278 


2,007 


2,364 


108 


318,037 


277,321 


•26,358 



58 



A STORE OF KNOWLEDGE. 



OFFICIAL RETURNS— MISSOURI. 

[Taken from the American Almanac for 1881.] 



Missouri 
By Counties. 



Adair 

Andrew .. 

Atchison 

Audrain 

Barry 

Barton 

Bates 

Benton 

Bollinger 

Boone.. 

Buchanan 

Butler 

Caldwell 

Callaway 

Camden 

CapeGirardeau 

Carroll 

Carter 

Cass 

Cedar 

Chariton 

Christian 

Clarke 

Clay. 

Clinton 

Cole. 

Cooper 

Crawford 

Dade 

Dallas.. 

Daviess 

DeKaib 

Dent 

Douglas 

Dunklin 

Franklm 

Gasconade 

Gentry 

Greene 

Grundy 



President — 1! 



Han- 
cock. 
Dem. 



1,269 
1,571 

1,261 

2,322 

1,163 

942 

2,949 

962 
1,068 
3,269 
4,693 

746 
1,139 
3,365/ 

507 
1,869 
2,404 

238 
2,710 

900 
2,899 
- 438 
1,570 
2,969 
2,061 
1,384 
2,189 
1,0991 

902 

487 
2,045 
1,305 
1,073 

163 
1,333 
2,260 

487 
1,982 
1,912 
1,102 



Gar- 
field. 
Rep. 



1,657 
1.781 

1,228 

983 

970 

519 

1,897 

1,204 

629 

1,170 

3,317 

275 

1,369 

1,184 

563 

1,641 

2,039 

80 

1710 

926 

1,617 

791 

1,503 

589 

1,237 

1,338 

1,730 

805 

1,227 

654 

1,796 

1,238 

707 

497 

182 

2,647 

1,512 

1,377 

2,198 

1,917 



Wea- 
ver. 
Gr. 



329 
121 
490 
53U 
327 
712 
245 
164 
117 
418 
391 

96 
373 
110 
19 
102 
409 

50 
275 
258 
548 
529 
120 
193 
187 

55 
372 

69 
238 
555 
285 
221 

35 
556 

"78 

334 

1,286 
124 



Missouri 
By Counties. 



Harrison 

Henry 

Hickory . . . . 

Holt. 

Howard 

Howell 

Iron 

Jackson 

Jasper 

Jefferson 

Johnson 

Knox 

Laclede 

Lafayette 

Lawrence . 

Lewis 

Lincoln 

Linn 

Livingston. _. 
McDonald . . 

Macon 

Madison 

Maries 

Marion 

Mercer 

Miller 

Mississippi .. 
Moniteau. _ . 

Monroe 

Montgomery. 

Morgan 

New Madrid. 

Newton 

Nodaway .. . 
Oregon "... . 

Osage 

Ozark 

Pemiscot 

Perry 

Pettis 



President— 1880. 



Han- 
cock. 
Dem. 



1,586 
2,821 

436 
1,297 
2,047 

726 

854 
6,703 
2,533 
2,012 
2,795 
1,468 

960 
3,163 
1,476 
1,928 
2,u39 
2,049 
1,859 

706 
2,8 

952 

924 
3,086 

990 

757 
1,137 
1,323 
3,438 
1,721 

950 
1,070 
1,535 
2,485 

809 
1,137 

314 

749 
1,110 
2,908 



Gar- Wea- 
field. ver. 
Rep. Gr. 



2,097 

1,694 

675 

1,605 

1,166 

457 

565 

5,123 

2,874 

1,501 

2,400 

574 

365 

1,822 

1,567 

1,152 

790 

1,991 

1,165 

213 

1,726 

391 

288 

1,811 

1,573 

970 

525 

853 

671 

1.329 

798 

341 

957 

2,301 

85 

1,117 

409 

85 

887 

2,457 



239 
306 
252 
212 
513 
205 

732 

1,114 

69 

318 

765 

774 

102 

337 

152 

634 

182 

1,268 

471 

844 

1 

58 

87 

231 

167 

113 

643 

120 

343 

57 

~97i 

941 

23 

10 

132 

"71 

306 



A STORE OF KNOWLEDGE. 
MISSOURI — CONTINUED. 



59 



Missouri 
By Counties. 



Phelps 

Pike 

Platte 

Polk 

Pulaski 

Putnam 

Ralls 

Randolph 

Ray 

Reynolds .. 

Ripley" 

St. Charles 

St. Clair 

St. Francois _. 
Ste. Genevieve 
St. Louis Co... 
St. Louis City. 
Saline 



Total. 



President— 1880. 


Han- 


Gar- 


Wea- 


cock. 


field. 


ver. 


Dem. 


Rep. 


Gr. 


1,132 


416 


548 


3,236 


2,151 


289 


2,693 


93* 


. 49 


1,360 


1,506 


250 


772 


462 


19 


725 


1,513 


424 


1,800 


603 


14 


2,927 


1,051 


691 


2,614 


908 


568 


747 


30 




• 578 


115 


70 


2,191 


2,221^ 


33 


963 


765 


1,053 


1,750 


778 


6(> 


1,081 


650 


40 


2,719 


3,223 


4 


23,837 


23,0! 6 


872 


3,851 


1,907 


359 



Missouri 
By Counties. 



Schuyler 

Scotland 

Scott ... 

Shannon 

Shelby 

Stoddard ... 

Stone 

Sullivan 

Taney 

Texas. 

Vernon 

Warren 

Washington 

Wayne 

Webster 

Worth 

Wright 



President— 1! 



Han- 
cock. 
Dem. 



Gar- 
field. 
Rep. 



1,065 
1,405 

1,330 

467 

1,770 

1,541 

140 

1,717 

1,313 

1,250 

2,338 

662 

1,489 

1.144 

1024 

751 

409 



208,609 153,56 



570 
689 
459 
65 
350 
590 
435 

1,693 
337 
477 
940 

1,343 
775 
568 
561 
657 
641 



Wea- 
ver. 
Gr. 



457 
479 

"~9 

847 

92 

136 

187 

207 

285 

360 

203 

78 

46 

616 

163 

365 



35,045 



60 



A STORE OF KNOWLEDGE. 



POPULATION OF THE UNITED STATES BY RACES IN 1880. 

From the official returns of the tenth census, subject to final 
correction. 

[From the American Almanac, 1881-1 



STATES AND 
TERRITORIES. 



Alabama 

Arizona 

Arkansas 

California 

Colorado. . 

Connecticut 

Dakota 

Delaware 

District of Columbia . 

Florida 

Georgia 

Idaho 

Illinois 

Indiana 

Iowa 

Kansas 

Kentucky 

Louisiana 

Maine 

Maryland 

Massachusetts 

Michigan 

Minnesotta 

Mississippi 

Missouri... 

Montana . _ 

Nebraska 

Nevada 

New Hampshire 

New Jersey 

New Mexico 

New York 

North Carolina 

Ohio 

Oregon 

Pennsylvania 

Rhode Island 

South Carolina 

Tennessee 

Texas 

Utah 

Vermont 

Virginia 

Washington 

West Virginia 

Wisconsin 

Wyoming 

Total- United States 



Total 

Population 

1880. 



White. 
1880. 



.1,262.794 

40,441 

802,564 

864,686 

194,649 

622,683 

135,180 

146,654 

177,638 

267,351 

1,539,048 

32,611 

3,078,769 

1,978,362 

1,624,620 

995,966 

1,648,708 

940,103 

648,945 

934,632 

1,783,012 

1,636,331 

780,806 

1,131.592 

2,168,804 

39,157 

452,433 

62,265 

346,984 

1,130,983 

118.430 

5,083,810 

1,400,04 

3,198,239 

174,767 

4,282,78 r ^ 

2T6,52S 

995,622 

1,542,463 

1,592,574 

143,906 

332 286 

1,512,806 

75,120 

618,443 

1,315,480 

20.788 



50,152,866 



661,986 
35,178 
591,611 
767,266 
191,452 
610,884 
133,1 
120,198 
118,236 
141.249 
814,218 
29,011 

3,032,174 

1,939,094 

1,614,510 
952,056 

1,377,0 
455,063 
646,903 
724,71 

1,764,082 

1,614,078 
776,940 
479,371 

2,023,568 

35.46S 

449.805 

53,574 

346,264 

1,091,856 
107,188 

5,017,142 
867,467 

3,118,344 
163,087 

4,197,106 
269,933 
391,258 

1,139,120 

1,197,493 
142,381 
331 ,243 
880,739 
67,349 
592,433 

1,309,622 
19,436 



Colored. 
1880. 



600,141 

138 

210,622 

6,168 

2,459 

11,422 

381 

26,456 

59,378 

125,262 

724,654 

58 

46,248 

38,998 

9,442 

43,096 

271,462 

483,898 

1,42 

209 897 

18,644 

14,986 

1,558 

650,337 

145,046 

202 

2,376 

465 

646 

38,796 

907 

64,943 

531,316 

79,665 

493 

85,342 

6,503 

604,325 

402,992 

394,007 

204 

1,032 

631,996 

357 

25,729 

2,724 

299 



43,402,408 6,577,497 105,679 65,880 



Chinese 
1880 



4 
1,632 
134 
75,122 
610 
130 
238 



18 

18 

17 

3,378 

214 

37 

47 

22 

10 

483 

8 

6 

256 

29 

54 

52 

94 

1,737 

18 

5,423 

14 

182 

55 

942 

1 

117 

9,508 

170 

27 

9 

26 

142 

518 



3,227 

14 

16 

914 



Indians. 

civ'd or 

taxed. 

1880. 



213 

3,493 

197 

16,130 

128 

241 

1,384 



37 

94 

164 

133 

233 

464 

792 

50 

819 

607 

11 

341 

7,238 

2,254 

1,832 

96 

1,750 

233 

2,803 

60 

58 

10,280 

783 

1,216 

113 

1,679 

168 

67 

114 

326 

932 

804 

11 

65 

4,187 

17 

3,118 



A STORE OF KNOWLEDGE. 



61 



OFFICIAL RETURNS OF THE CENSUS FOR 1880. OHIO. 

[From the American Almanac for 1881.1 



Ohio 
By Counties. 



Adams . 

Allen 

Ashland 

Ashtabula 

Athens 

Auglaise 

Belmont 

Brown 

Butler 

Carroll 

Campaign 

Clark 

Clermont 

Clinton 

Columbiana .. 

Coshocton 

Crawford 

Cuyahoga 

Darke 

Defiance 

Delaware 

Erie.. 

Fairfield 

Payette 

Franklin 

Fulton 

Gallia '_._ 

Geauga 

Greene 

Guernsey 

Hamilton 

Hancock 

Hardin 

Harrison 

Henry 

Highland 

Hocking 

Holmes 

Huron 

Jackson 

Jefferson 

Knox 

Lake 

Lawrence 



Population. 



1870. 



20,750 

23,623 
21,933 
32,517 
23,768 
20.041 
39,714 
30,802 
39,912 
14,491 
24,188 
32,070 
34.268 
21,914 
38,299 
23,600 
25,556 

132,010 
32,278 
15,719 
25,175 
28,188 
31,138 
17,170 
63,019 
17,789 
25,545 
14,190 
28,038 
23,838 

260,370 
23,847 
18,714 
18,682 
14,028 
29,133 
17,925 
18,177 
28,532 
21,759 
29,188 
26,333 
15,935 
31,380 



1880. 



24,004 
31,323 
23,883; 
37,139 
28,451 
25,443 
49,638 
32,726; 
42,580j 
16,4161 
27,8171 
41.947| 
36,713) 
27,539; 
48,603| 
26,640j 
30,583' 

19(5,937) 
40.498! 
22,518 
27,380 
32,640 
34,283 
20,364! 
86,8161 
21,t)62| 
28,124 
14,255! 
31,348! 
27,1971 

313,345 
27,788 
27,028 
20,455 
20,587 
30,277 
21,126 
20,775 
31,609 
23,679 
33,018 
27,450 
16,326 
39,068 



Ohio 
By Counties. 



Licking 

Logan 

•Lorain 

Lucas 

Madison 

Mahoning ... 

Marion 

Medina 

Meigs 

Mercer 

Miami 

Monroe 

Montgomery. 

Morgan 

Morrow 

Muskingum . 

Noble 

Ottawa. 

Paulding 

Perry 

Pickaway ... 

Pike 

Portage 

Preble 

Putnam 

Richland 

Ross 

Sandusky 

Scioto 

Seneca 

Shelby 

Stark 

Summit 

Trumbull ... 
Tuscarawas. . 

Union _ 

Van Wert 

Vinton 

Warren. 

Washington . 

Wayne 

Williams 

Wood 

Wyandot 



Population. 



1870. 


1880. 


35,756 


40,451 


23,028 


26,268 


30,308 


35,525 


46,722 


67,388 


15,633 


20,129 


31,001 


42,867 


16,184 


20,564 


20,092 


21,454 


31,465 


32,325 


17,254 


21,808 


32,740 


36,178 


25,779 


26,497 


64,006 


78,545 


20,363 


20,074 


18,583 


19,073 


44,886 


49,612 


19,949 


21,137 


13,364 


19,763 


8,544 


13,489 


18,453 


28,218 


24,875 


27,353 


15,447 


17,927 


24,584 


27,500 


21,809 


24.534 


17,081 


23,718 


32,516 


36,305 


37,097 


40,307 


25,503 


32,063 


29,302 


33,504 


30.827 


36.955 


20,748 


24,136 


52,508 


64,027 


34,674 


43,788 


38,659 


44 8a2 


33,840 


40,197 


18,730 


22,374 


15,823 


23,03^ 


15,027 


17,226 


26,689 


28,392 


40,609 


43,264 


35,116 


37,452 


20,991 


23,821 


24,596 


34,026 


18,553 


22,401 


,665,260 


3,198,239 



62 



A STORE OF KNOWLEDGE. 



INDIANA. 

OFFICIAL RETURNS OF THE CENSUS FOR 1880. 
[Prom the American Almanac for 1881.] 



Indiana 
By Counties. 



Adams 

Allen 

Bartholomew 

Benton 

Blackford 

Boone 

Brown 

Carroll 

Cass 

Clarke.. 

Clay 

Clinton 

Crawford 

Daviess 

Dearborn 

Decatur 

DeKalb 

Delaware 

Dubois 

Elkhart 

Fayette 

Floyd 

Fountain .... 

Fraaiklin 

Fulton. 

Gibson 

Grant 

Greene 

Hamilton 

Hancock 

Harrison 

Hendricks 

Henry 

Howard 

Huntington.. 

Jackson 

Jasper 

Jay 

Jefferson 

Jennings 

Johnson 

Knox 

Kosciusko ... 

La Grange 

Lake 

La Porte 



Total 



Population. 



1870. 



,382 
,494 
,133 
,615 
272 
593 
,681 
,152 
193 
770 
,084 
,330 
851 
,747 
,116 
,053 
,167 
,030 
.597 
.026 
476 
300 
389 
,223 
,726 
,371 
,487 
,514 
,882 
,123 
,913 
,277 
,986 
,847 
,036 
,974 
,354 
,000 
,741 
,218 
,366 
.562 
,531 
,148 
,339 
,062 



1880. 



15,385 
54,765 
22,777 
11,107 

8,021 
25,921 
10,264 
18,347 
27,609 
28,638 
25.853 
23,473 
12,356 
21,552 
26,656 
19,779 
20,223 
22,927 
15,991 
33,453 
11,394 
24,589 
20,228 
20,090 
14,301 
22,742 
23,618 
22,996 
24,809 ' 
11,123 
21,326 
22,975 
24,015 
19,584 
21,805 
23,050 

9,465 
19,282 
25,977 
16,453 
19,537 
26,323 
26,492 
15,629 
15,091 
30,976 



Indiana 
By Counties. 



Lawrence 

Madison 

Marion 

Marshall 

Martin 

Miami 

Monroe 

Montgomery. 

Morgan 

Newton. ..... 

Noble 

Ohio 

Orange 

Owen .' 

Parke. 

Perry 

Pike 

Porter 

Posey 

Pulaski , 

Putnam 

Randolph 

Ripley 

Rush 

St. Joseph 

Scott 

Shelby 

Spencer 

Starke 

Steuben . 

Sullivan 

Switzerland . 
Tippecanoe.. 

Tipton 

Union 

Vanderburgh 

Vermilion 

Vigo 

Wabash 

Warren 

Warwick 

Washington . 

Wayne 

Wells 

White 

Whitley 



Population. 



1870. 



,628 
770 
,939 
,211 
,103 
052 
168 
,765 
528 
,829 
,389 
,837 
497 
,137 
,166 
801 
,779 
,942 
,185 
,801 
,514 
,862 
,977 
,626 
,322 
,873 
,892 
,998 
,888 
,854 
453 
134 
515 
,953 
341 
,145 
,840 
549 
,305 
204 
,653 
495 
048 
,585 
554 
,399 



1880. 



18,453 
27,531 
102,780 
23,416 
13,474 
24,081 
15,874 
27,314 
18,899 

8,167 
23,007 

5,563 
14,363 
15,901 
19,460 
16,997 
16,384 
17,229 
20,857 

9,851 
22,502 
26,437 
21,627 
19,238 
33,176 

8,343 
25,256 
22,122 

5,105 
14,644 
30,433 
13,336 
35,966 
14,402 

7,673 
42,192 
12,025 
45,656 
25,240 
11,497 
20,162 
18,949 
38,614 
18,442 
13,793 
16,941 



1,680,637 1,978,363 



A STORE OF KNOWLEDGE. 



63 



ILLINOIS. 

OFFICIAL RETURN OF THE TENTH CENSUS. 
LFrom the American Almanac for 1881.] 



Illinois 
By Counties. 



Adams 

Alexander.. 

Bond 

Boone 

Brown 

Bureau .. 

Calhoun 

Carroll 

Cass 

Champaign. 

Christian 

Clark... 

Clay 

Clinton 

Coles 

Cook 

Crawford 

Cumberland 

DeKalb 

DeWitt 

Douglass 

Du Page 

Edgar 

Edwards 

Effingham... 

Fayette 

Ford 

Frankim 

Fulton 

Gallatin 

Greene 

Grundy 

Hamilton 

Hancock 

Hardin 

Henderson _. 

Henry 

Iroquois 

Jackson 

Jasper 

Jefferson 

Jersey 

Jo Davie68 .. 

Johnson 

Kane 

Kankakee ... 

Kendall 

Knox 

Lake 

LaSalle 

Lawrence ... 



Total. 



Population 



1870. 



,564 
152 
,942 
205 
415 
562 
,705 
,580 
737 
363 
719 
875 
285 
,235 
966 
889 
223 
265 
768 
484 
685 
450 
565 
653 
638 
103 
652 
291 
134 
277 
938 
014 
935 
113 
582 
506 
782 
634 
234 
864 
054 
820 
248 
091 
352 
399 
522 
014 
792 
533 



18S0. 



59.148 
14,809 
14,873 
11,527 
13,044 
33,189 
7,471 
16,895 
14,494 
40,869 
28.232 
21.900 
16,195 
18,718 
27,055 

607,468 
16,190 
13,762 
26,774 
17,014 
15,857 

.19,187 
25,504 
8,600 
18,924 
23,243 
15,105 
16,129 
41.249 
12,862 
23,014 
16,738 
16,712 
35,352 
6,024 
10,755 
36,609 
35,457 
22,508 
14,515 
20,686 
15,546 
27,534 
13,079 
44,956 
24,961 
13,084 
38,360 
21,299 
70,420 
13,663 



Illinois 
By Counties. 



Lee... 

Livingston... 

Logan 

McDonongh. 

McHenry 

McLean 

Macon 

Macoupin .. 
Madison.... , 

Marion 

Marchall 

Mason 

Massac 

Menard 

Mercer 

Monroe. 

Montgomery 

Morgan 

Moultrie 

Ogle.... 

Peoria 

Perry 

Piatt 

Pike 

Pope 

Pulaski 

Putnam 

Randolph 

Richland 

Rock Island. 

St Clair 

Saline .. 

Sangamon... 

Schuyler 

Scott... 

Shelby 

Stark 

Stephenson . 

Tazewell 

Union 

Vermillion .. 

Wabash 

Warren 

Washington. 

Wayne 

White 

Whitesides... 

Will 

Williamson . 
Wiunebago.. 
Woodford 



Population. 



1870. 



171 

471 
053 
509 
762 
988 
481 
726 
131 
622 
956 
184 
581 
735 
769 
,982 
314 
463 



,540 
723 
,953 
,768 
,437 
752 
280 
,859 
,803 
,783 
068 
714 
,352 
419 
530 
476 
751 
608 
903 
518 
388 
841 
174 
599 
758 
846 
503 
013 
329 
301 
956 



!,539,891 



1880. 



27,494 
38,450 
25,041 
27,984 
24,914 
60,115 
30,671 
37,705 
50,141 
23,691 
15,036 
16,244 
10,443 
13,028 
19,501 
13,682 
28,086 
31,519 
13,705 
29,946 
55.419 
16,008 
15,583 
33, r .61 
13,256 
9,507 
5,555 
25,691 
15,546 
38,314 
61,850 
15,940 
52,902 
16,249 
10,745 
30,282 
11,209 
31,970 
29,679 
18,100 
41,600 
9,945 
22,940 
21,117 
21,297 
23,089 
30,888 
53.424 
19,326 
30,518 
21,630 



3,078,769 



64 



STORE OF KNOWLEDGE. 



OFFICIAL RETURN OF THE TENTH CENSUS MISSOURI. 

[From the American Almanac for 1881.1 



Missouri 
By Counties. 



Adair 

Andrew 

Atchison 

Audrain 

Barry 

Barton 

Bates 

Benton 

Bollinger 

Boone 

Buchanan 

Butler 

Caldwell 

Callaway 

Camden- 

Cape Girardeau. 

Carroll 

Carter 

Cass 

Cedar 

Chariton 

Christian 

Clarke 

Clay 

Clinton -- 

Cole 

Cooper 

Crawford 

Dade 

Dallas 

Daviess 

De Kalb 

Dent 

Doflge 

Douglass 

Dunklin 

Franklin 

Gasconade 

Gentry 

Greene 

Grundy... 

Harrison 

Henry 

Hickory 

Holt 

Howard 

Howell 

Iron 

Jackson 

Jasper.. 

Jefferson 

Johnson 

Knox 

Laclede 

Lafayette 

Lawrence 

Lewis 

Lincoln 

Linn 



.Population. 



1870. 



11,448 
15,137 

8,440 
12,307 
10,373 

5,087 
15,960 
11,322 

8,162 
20,765 
35,109 

4,298 
11,390 
19,202 

6,108 
17,558 
17,446 

1,455 
19.296 

9,474 
19,136 

6.707 
13,667 
15,564 
14,063 
10,292 
20,692 

7,982 

8,683 

8,3S3 
14,410 

9,858 

6,357 



3,915 

5,982 

30,098 

10,093 

11,607 

21,549 

10,567 

14,685 

17,401 

6,452 

11,652 

17,233 

4,218 

6,278 

55,041 

14,928 

15,380 

24,648 

10,974 

9,380 

22,623 

13,067 

15,114 

15,960 

15,900 



1880. 



15,190 
16,318 
14,565 
19,760 
14,434 
10,332 
25,382 
12,398 
11,132 
25,444 
49,820 

6,011 
13654 
23,670 

7,267 
20,<<98 
23,262 

2,168 
22,431 
li ',757 
25,224 

9,649 
15,031 
15,579 
16,073 
15,519 
21,638 
10,774 
12,557 

9,272 
19,174 
13,344 
10,647 



Total. 



7,753 
9.604 
26,536 
11,173 
17,202 
28,839 
15,210 
20,318 
23,343 
7,388 
15,510 
18,428 
8,814 
8,183 
82,364 
32,021 
18,736 
28,177 
13,047 
11,524 
25,750 
17,585 
15,925 
17,443 
20,016 



Missouri 
By Counties. 



Livingston 

Macon 

Madison 

Maries 

Marion 

McDonald 

Mercer 

Miller 

Mississippi 

Moniteau 

Monroe 

Montgomery ... 

Morgan 

New Madrid 

Newton 

Nodaway 

Oregon 

Osage 

Ozark 

Pemiscot 

Perry 

Pettis 

Phelps 

Pike 

Platte.... 

Polk 

Pulaski... 

Putnam 

Ralls 

Randolph 

Ray 

Reynolds 

Ripley 

Rives 

Saline 

Schuyler 

Scotland 

Scott 

Shannon 

Shelby 

St. Charles 

St. Clair 

St. Francois 

Ste. Genevieve 

St. Louis (city) .... 

St. Louis 

Stoddard 

Stone 

Sullivan 

Taney 

Texas 

Van Buren 

Vernon 

Warren 

Washington 

Wayne 

Webster 

Worth 

Wright 



Population. 



187U. 



21,672 
8,820 

10,670 
7,317 
2,339 

10,119 

21,804 

6,742 

9,742 

8,384 

351,189 



1880. 



16,730 


20,205 


23,230 


16,223 


5.849 


8,860 


5,916 


7,323 


23,780 


24,837 


5,226 


7,816 


11,557 


14,674 


6,616 


9,807 


4,982 


9,270 


11,375 


14,349 


17,149 


19,075 


10,405 


16,251 


8,434 


10,134 


6,357 


7,694 


12,821 


18,948 


14,751 


29,560 


3,287 


5,791 


10,793 


11,824 


3,363 


5,618 


2,059 


4,299 


9,877 


11,895 


18,706 


27,298 


10.506 


12,565 


23,076 


26,716 


17,352 


17,373 


12,445 


15,745 


4,714 


7,250 


11,217 


13,556 


10,500 


11,838 


15,908 


22,751 


18,700 


20,200 


3,756 


5,722 


3,175 


5,377 



8 535 
3,253 
11,907 
4,407 
9,618 

il"24 _ 7 
9.673 

11,719 
6,068 

10,434 
5,004 
5,684 



1,721,295 



29.938 
10,470 
12,507 

8,587 

3,441 
14,024 
23,060 
14,157 
13,821 
10,390 
350,522 
31,888 
13,432 

4,429 
16,569 

5,633 
12,219 

l6^38~2 
10,806 
12,895 
9,097 
12,176 
8,208 
9,733 



,168,804 



A STORE OF KNOWLEDGE. 



65 



KANSAS. 

OFFICIAL RETURNS ON PRESIDENTIAL VOTE FOR 1880. 

LFrom the American Almanac, 1881.] 



Kansas 
Ey Counties. 



Allen 

Anderson ... 

Atchison 

Barbour 

Barton 

Bourbon 

Brown 

Butler 

Chase ._ 

Chautauqua _ 

Cherokee 

Clay 

Cloud 

Coffey 

Cowley 

Crawford 

Davis 

Decatur 

Dickinson 

Doniphan 

Douglas 

Edwards 

Elk 

Ellis 

Ellsworth 

Ford 

Franklin 

Graham 

Greenwood .. 

Harper 

Harvey 

Hodgeman ... 

Jackson 

Jefferson 

Jewell 

Johnson 

Kingman 

Labette 

Leavenworth . 
Lincoln 



Total. 



Gar- 
field. 
Rep. 



1,576 

1,127 
2,834 

262 
1,172 
2,320 
1,850 
2,3 

716 
1,321 
2,374 
1,765 
2,156 
1,422 
2,630 
1,902 

702 

307 
1,954 
2,067 
3,048 

312 
1,274 

680 
1,077 

370 
2,108 

494 
1,311 

546 
1,554 

176 
1,504 
1,976 
2,199 
2,132 

436 
2,721 
3,188 

957 



Han- 
cock. 
Dem. 



803 

497 

2,132 

175 

714 

1,161 

896 

1,119 

324 

655 

1,681 

531 

888 

851 

1,557 

1,356 

399 

163 

886 

1,143 

1,463 

102 

458 

420 

483 

288 

728 

104 

667 

294 

585 

52 

853 

1,397 

883 

1,182 

200 

1,462 

2,489 

419 



Wea 
ver. 
Gr. 



44 
370 

71 

63 

62 
364 
107 
433 
409 
333 
855 
369 

65 
189 
190 
450 
335 

28 
292 

51 
246 

"486 
54 
32 

'898 

210 

347 

170 

136 

13 

14 

78 

399 

354 

85 

420 

171 

154 



Kansas 
By Counties. 



Linn 

Lyon 

Marion 

Marshall 

McPherson .. 

Miami 

Mitchell 

Montgomery . 

Morris. 

Nemaha 

Neosho 

Ness _ 

Norton 

Osage 

Osborne 

Ottawa 

Pawnee 

Phillips 

Pottawatomie 

Pratt 

Reno 

Republic 

Rice 

Riley 

Rooks _. 

Rush 

Russell 

Saline 

Sedgwick 

Shawnee 

Sheridan 

Smith 

Stafford 

Sumner 

Trego 

Wabaunsee... 
Washington _ . 

Wilson _. 

Woodson 

Wyandotte ... 



Gar- 


Han- 


field. 


cock. 


Rep. 
1,990 


Dem. 
745 


2,39b 


869 


1,239 


539 


2,276 


997 


2,225 


564 


2,010 


1,324 


1,728 


797 


1,773 


1,294 


1,281 


550 


1,750 


934 


1,471 


948 


315 


129 


761 


337 


2,704 


907 


1,446 


589 


1,443 


524 


697 


235 


1,261 


553 


2,13b 


1,179 


196 


97 


1,384 


536 


1,875 


661 


1,108 


496 


1,484 


376 


805 


338 


542 


238 


922 


317 


1,950 


838 


2,288 


1,354 


4,403 


1,548 


93 


52 


1,524 


517 


530 


192 


2,073 


4,419 


332 


107 


1,279 


510 


1,957 


827 


1,627 


722 


898 


437 


2,410 


1,733 


121,520 


59,789 



Wea- 
ver. 
Gr. 



577 
402 
271 
427 
545 
454 
235 
693 
179 
5 
461 

*198 
793 

61 
333 

17 
221 
224 

34 
252 
151 
313 
347 
326 

24 
110 

95 
364 
123 

64 
406 

60 
529 

29 

39 

230 

527 

9 

236 



66 



A STOKE OF KNOWLEDGE. 



POPULATION OF KANSAS FOR 1870 AND 1880. 



Kansas 


Population. 


Kansas 
By Counties. 


Population. 


By Counties. 


1870. 


1880. 


18T0. 


1880, 


Allen 


7,022 
5,220 


11,307 
9,059 

26,674 

2,661 

10,319 

19,595 


Lincoln 


516 
12,174 


8,582 
15,299 




Lykins 




15,507 


Lyon 


8,014 


17,327 


Barbour 


Madison 




2 
15,076 


Marion 


768 
6,901 


12 457 


Bourbon 

Breckenridge 


Marshall 

McGhee 


16,135 




6,823 


. 12,819 

191 

18,587 

6,081 

11,072 

21,918 

37 

163 

12,320 

15,346 

11,438 

372 

21,539 

16,854 

6,994 

4,180 

14,973 

14,258 


McPherson 

Meade 


738 


17,143 
296 


Buffalo 


Butler ._ 


3,035 
1,975 


Miami 


11 725 
485 
7,564 
2,225 
7,339 
10,206 
2 


17,818 
14,913 
18,230 
9,266 
12,463 
15,124 
3,722 
7 002 




Mitchell 

Montgom ery 

Morris 

Nemaha 




Cherokee 

Chevenne 


11,038 


Clarke 






Clay 

Cloud 


2,942 
2,323 
6,201 


Ness 

Norton 


Coffey 

Comanche 


Osage 

Osborne 

Otoe 


7,648 
33 


19,643 
12,518 


Cowley 


1,175 
8,160 
5,526 


Crawford .. 

Davis 

Decatur 


Ottawa 

Pawnee 

Phillips 


2,127 
179 


10,308 

5,396 

12,017 

16,347 

1,890 

1 ,623 

12,824 

14,913 

9,292 

10,430 

8,113 

5 490 


Dickinson 


3,043 
13,969 


Pottawatamie 

Pratt 


7,848 


Dorn 


Rawlins 




20,592 


21,706 
2,409 

10,625 
6,179 
8,494 
411 
3,122 

16,800 


Reno 

Republic 

Rice 


~"i,28i" 
5 
5,105 


Edwards 


Elk 




Ellis 


1,336 
1,185 


Riley 

Rooks 


Ellsworth 


Foote... 


Rush 


Ford ■... 


427 
10,385 


Russell 


156 
4,246 


7,351 

13,810 

43. 


Franklin 


Saline 


Godfrey 


Scott 


Gove 




1,196 

4,258 

9 

3 

10,550 

168 

4,133 

11,454 

1,704 


Sedgwick 

Sequoyah 


1,095 


18,753 
568 


Graham 




Graut. 




Seward 




5 


Greeley 


"3,484" 


Shawnee 


13,121 


29,092 

1,567 

13 

13,885 

4,755 

5 

12 

20,812 

161 

2,535 

8,757 

686 

14,910 

14 

13,776 

6,535 

19,151 


Greenwood 


Sheridan .. 


Hamilton 


Sherman 


---- 


Harper 




Smith 


Harvey 




Stafford 


Hodgman 






22" 

166 

3,362 

538 
4,081 

'"6,694" 

3,827 

10,015 


Howard... 


2,794 




Hunter 




Jackson 


6,053 

12,526 

207 

13,684 


10,718 
15,564 
17,477 
16,886 
9 

159 

3,713 

22,746 

632 
31,673 




Jefferson 


Trego 

Wabaunsee 

Wallace 


Jewell 

Johnson 


Kansas 


Washington 

Wichita 

Wilson 


Kearney 




Kingman 




Labette 


9,973 




Lane 


Wyandotte.... 


Leavenworth 


32,444 


Total 


864,399 


995,966 



A STORE OF KNOWLEDGE. 



67 



CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICTS OF INDIANA AND THE TOTAL VOTE 
OF EACH BY COUNTIES, 1880. 



First — 

Gibson 5,186 

Perry 3,541 

Pike.... 3,555 

Posey 4,639 

Spencer 4,882 

Vanderburg 9,667 

Warrick... 4,403 

Totals 35,873 

Second— 

Daviess 4,815 

Dubois 3,375 

Greene 5,054 

Knox 6,090 

Lawrence 3,927 

Martin 2,878 

Orange 3,065 

Sullivan 4,857 

Totals 34,061 

Third— 

Clarke 6,568 

Crawford 2,611 

Floyd 5,375 

Harrison 4,428 

Jackson 5,196 

Jennings 3,890 

Scott 1,884 

Washington 4,112 

Totals 34,064 

Fourth — 

Dearborn 6,177 

Decatur 4.994 

Franklin 4,825 

Jefferson 6,083 

Ohio... 1,355 

Ripley 4,887 

Switzerland 3,199 

Union 1,946 

Totals 33,466 

Fifth — 

Bartholomew 5,562 

Brown 2,169 

Hendricks 5,425 



Johnson 4,752 

Monroe 3,572 

Morgan 4,620 

Owen 3,593 

Putnam 5,503 

Totals 35,186 

Sixth — 

Delaware. 5,490 

Fayette 2,986 

Henry 6,031 

Randolph 6,296 

Rush 5,036 

Wayne 9,746 

Totals 35,585 

Seventh — 

Hancock 4,171 

Marion 26,217 

Shelby 6,163 

Totals 36,551 

Eighth — 

Clay 6,179 

Fountain. 5,164 

Montgomery 7,180 

Parke.. 4,753 

Vermilion 2,930 

Vigo 10,352 

Warren 2,848 

Totals 39,386 

Ninth — 

Boone 6,348 

Clinton 5,630 

Hamilton 5,849 

Madison 6,542 

Tippecanoe 9,059 

Tipton 3,442 

Totals 36,870 

Tenth— 

Benton. 2,817 

Carroll 4,513 

Cass 7,044 

Fulton 3,605 

Jasper 2,270 



68 



A STORE OF KNOWLEDGE. 



CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICTS OF INDIANA, ETC. — CONTINUED. 



Lake 3,299 

Newton 1,962 

Porter 3,984 

Pulaski 2,176 

White 3,360 

Totals 35,030 

Eleventh — 

Adams 3,164 

Blackford 1,868 

Grant 5,701 

Howard 4,890 

Huntington 5,389 

Jay 4,545 

Miami 6,133 

Wabash 6,067 

Wells 4,370 

Totals 42,127 



Twelfth — 

Allen 12,454 

Noble 5,761 

Steuben 3,607 

Whitley 4,191 

La Grange 3,735 

DeKalb 5,082 

Totals 34,830 

Thirteenth — 

Elkhart 7,779 

Kosciusko 6,457 

La Porte 7,627 

Marshall 5,251 

St. Joseph 8,224 

Starke 1,205 

Totals 36,543 



CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICTS OF ILLINOIS AND THE TOTAL VOTE 
OF EACH BY COUNTIES, 1880. 



First — 
Chi. Wards and Towns. 37,894 
DuPage 3,577 

Second— Totals. . 41,471 
Chicago Wards 37,620 

Chi. Wards and Towns. 24,529 
Lake 4,477 

Fourth— Totals . . 29,006 

Boone. 2,470 

DeKalb 5,800 

Kane 9,418 

McHenry 5,513 

Winnebago 6,399 

Fifth— Totals.. 29,295 

Carroll 3,543 

Jo Daviess 7,873 

Ogle 6,500 

Stephenson.... 6,724 

Whitesides 6,549 

Totals 28,689 



Sixth— 

Henry 7,265 

Le Bureau 7,082 

Lee 5,781 

Putnam 1,212 

Rock Island 7,588 

Seventh— Totals . . 28,918 

Grundy 3,424 

Kendall 2,860 

La Salle 14,133 

Will 10,486 

Eighth— Totals.. 30,895 

Ford 7,442 

Iroquois 7,318 

Kankakee 4,946 

Livingstone 7,442 

Marshall 3,393 

Woodford 4,475 

Totals 30,676 

Ninth — 

Fulton 9,436 

Knox 8,180 



A STOKE OF KNOWLEDGE. 



CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICTS OF ILLINOIS, ETC. 



69 
-CONTINUED. 



Peoria 


11,468 


Effingham 


3,906 


Stark 


2,430 


Jasper 


3935 






Lawrence 

Moultrie 


3,022 

3,002 


Tenth — 


Totals.. 31,500 


Hancock 


7,840 


Shelby 


6,098 


Henderson .. 


2.341 




- 


Mercer 


4,244 


Sixteenth — 


Totals.. 36,173 


McDonough. 


6,317 


Bond 


3,035 


Schuyler 


3,524 


Clay 


3,344 


Warren 


5,126 


Clinton 


3,927 






Fayette 


4,969 






Eleventh — 


Totals.. 29,388 


Marion 


5,026 


Adams 


11,654 


Montgomery . 
Washington ,. 


6 072 


Brown 


2,804 


4,228 


Calhoun 


1,472 







Green 


5,053 


Seventeenth— 


■ Totals.. 30,643 


Jersey 


3,571 


Macoupin ... 


8,296 


Pike 


7,494 


Madison 


9,841 







Monroe 


2,877 


Twelfth — 


Totals.. 32,134 


St. Clair 


11,924 


Cass 


3,260 






Christian 


6,225 


Eighteenth — 


Totals.. 32,937 


Menard 


2,928 


Alexander 


2,971 


Morgan 

Sangamon .. 


6,938 

11,892 


Jackson 


4,800 


Johnson 


2,581 


Scott 


2,451 


Massac 


2,174 






Perry 


3,349 


Thirteenth — 


Totals.. 33,694 


Pope 


2,520 


De Witt 


. 4,023 


Pulaski 


1,950 


Logan 


5,590 


Randolph 


5,305 


Mason 


3,689 


Williamson .. 


3,818 


McLean 


12,834 


Union 


3,413 


Tazewell 


6,412 











Nineteenth — 


Totals.. 33,019 


Fourteenth— 


Totals.. 32,544 


Edwards 


1,767 


Champaign.. 
Coles 


8,867 


Franklin 


3,151 


6,028 


Gallatin. ... 


2,632 


Douglas 


3,641 


Hamilton 


3,219 


Macon 


6,724 


Hardin 

Jefferson 


1,252 


Piatt 


3,572 


4,319 


Vermilion... 


8,819 


Richland 


3,372 






Saline 


3,126 


Fifteenth — 


Totals.. 37,441 


Wabash 


2,119 


Clark 


4,718 


Wayne 


4,436 


Crawford 


3,464 


White 


4,750 


Cumberland.. 


3.004 


Totals . 


._ 


Edgar 


5,923 


34,038 



70 



A STORE OF KNOWLEDGE. 



The following table shows when the next Legislature 
of each state meets, the length of session, and whether 
biennial or annual; also the number of counties and the 
legal rate of interest in each state of the Union: 



STATES. 



Arkansas 

Alabama 

California 

Colorado 

Connecticut 

Delaware ., 

Florida , 

Georgia 

Illinois 

Indiana 

Iowa 

Kansas 

Kentucky 

^Louisiana 

Maine 

Maryland 

Massachusetts.. 

Michigan 

Minnesota 

Mississippi 

Missouri ...' 

Nebraska 

Nevada 

New Hampshire 

New Jersey 

New York 

North Carolina. . 

Ohio 

Oregon 

Pennsylvania .. 
Rhode Island .. 
fSouth Carolina 

Tennessee 

Texas 

Vermont 

Virginia 

West Virginia .. 
Wisconsin 



Biennial 

Biennial 

Biennial 

Biennial 

Annual 

Biennial 

Biennial 

Biennial 

Biennial 

Biennial 

Biennial 

Biennial 

Biennial 

Biennial 

Biennial 

Biennial 

Annual 

Biennial 

Biennial 

Biennial 

Biennial 

Biennial 

Biennial 

Biennial 

Annual 

Annual 

Biennial 

Biennial 

Biennial 

Biennial 

Annual 

Annual 

Biennial 

Biennial 

Biennial 

Biennial 

Biennial 

Annual 






60 days 

50 days 

60 days 

40 days 

None 

None 

60 days 

40 days 

None 

60 days 

None 

50 days 

60 days 

90 days 

None 

90 days 

None 

None 

60 days 

None 

70 days 

40 days 

60 days 

None 

None 

None 

60 days 

None 

40 days 

None 

None 

None 

75 days 

60 days 

None 

90 days 

45 days 

None 



'So u 


V J, 

« s 


JS 


05 V 


« v 


a c 




CaC-H 






:z_2 


►J a 


Jan. 10, 1883 


6% 


Nov. 7, 1882 


8% 


Jan. 5, 1882 


W 


Jan. 5, 1883 


Wo 


Jan. 5, 1882 


H 


Jan. 4, 1883 


6% 


Jan. 4, 1883 


8% 


Nov. 3, 1882 


1% 


Jan. 5, 1883 


6% 


Jan. 6, 1883 


8% 


Jan. 12, 1882 


6<S 


Jan. 11,1883 


1% 


Dec. 31. 1883 


6% 


Jan. 12, 1882 


5% 


Jan. 5, 1883 


6% 


Jan. 4, 1882 


H 


Jan. 5, 1882 


6% 


Jan. 5, 1883 


1% 


Jan, 4, 1883 


1% 


Jan. 6, 1882 


6% 


Jan. 5, 1883 


6% 


Jan. 4, 1883 


Wo 


Jan. 3. 1883 


Wo 


Jan. 1, 1883 


H 


Jan. 11, 1882 


H 


Jan. 6, 1882 


6% 


Jan. 5, 1883 


6% 


Jan. 5, 1882 


e% 


Jan. 13, 1882 


Wo 


Jan. 4, 1883 


6% 


Jan. 18, 1882 


6% 


Nov. 23, 1882 


~1% 


Jan. 3, 1883 


6% 


Jan. 3, 1883 


8% 


Oct. 3, 1882 


Q% 


Dec. 18, 1883 


6% 


Jan. 12, 1883 


6% 


Jan. 12, 1882 


% 






55 
52 
44 
31 
8 
3 
37 

132 

102 
92 
99 
41 

109 
48 
16 
22 
14 
62 
64 
60 

113 
62 
14 
10 
21 
60 
87 



19 
65 
5 
30 
84 
151 
14 
94 
54 
58 



*Called Parishes. tCalled Districts. 



A STORE OF KNOWLEDGE. 71 

CHIEF JUSTICES OF THE SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED 

STATES. 

From 1789 to 1881. 

John Jay N. Y., served from 1789 to 1795, 6 yrs.. Resigned. 

Oliver Ellsworth. Ct, *' " 1796 to 1801, 5 yrs. .Resigned. 

John Marshall... Va , " " 1801 to 1835, 34 yrs.-Died. 

Roger B. Taney.. Md., '• " 1836 to 1864, 28 yrs.. Died. 

Salmon P. Chase. O., " " 1864 to 1873, 9 yrs.. Died. 

Morrison R.Waite O., " " 1874— 

Present Supreme Court of the United States, and its As- 
sociate Justices: 
Morrison R. Waite, Chief Justice. 

ASSOCIATE JUSTICES. 

Nathan Clifford Me. Commissioned 1857, by Buchanan. 

Noah H. Swayne O u 1862, by Lincoln. 

Samuel F. Miller la " 1862, by Lincoln. 

Stephen J. Field Cal " 1863, by Lincoln. 

W.B.Woods. Ga " 1880, by Hayes. 

Joseph P. Bradley.... N.J " 1870, by Grant. 

Ward Hunt N. Y " 1872, by Grant. 

John M. Harlan Ky " 1877, by Hayes. 

Stanley Mathews O " 1881, by Garfield. 

SENATORS-ELECT TO FORTY -SEVENTH CONGRESS. 
[From the American Almanac for 1881.] 

Forty-seventh Congress-March 4, 1881, to March 4, 1883. 

Alabama. 

John T. Morgan, D., Selma 1883. 

James L. Pugh, D., Eufaula 1885. 

Arkansas. 

Aug. H. Garland, D., Little Rock 1883. 

James D. Walker, D., Fayetteville 1885. 

California. 

James T. Farlev, D., Jackson 1885. 

John F. Miller^ R, San Francisco 1887. 

Colorado. 

Henry M. Teller, R., Central City 1883. 

Nathaniel P. Hill, R., Denver. . 1885. 



72 A STORE OF KNOWLEDGE. 

Connecticut. 

OrvilleH. Piatt, R., Meriden 1885. 

Joseph R. Hawley, R., Hartford 1887. 

Delaware. 

Eli Saulsbury, D., Kenton 1883. 

Thomas F. Bayard, D., Wilmington • 1887. 

Florida. 

Wilkinson Call, D., Jacksonville 1885. 

Charles W. Jones, D., Pensacola 1887. 

Georgia. 

Benjamin H. Hill, D., Atlanta 1883. 

Joseph E. Brown, D., Atlanta . 1885. 

Illinois. 

David Davis, Ind. D., Bloomington 1883. 

John A. Logan, R., Chicago 1885. 

Indiana. 

Daniel W. Voorhees, D., Terre Haute 1885. 

Benjamin Harrison, R, Indianapolis 1887. 

Iowa. 
J. W. McDill.R 1883. 

William B. Allison, R., Dubuque 1885. 

Kansas. 

Preston B. Plumb, R„ Emporia 1883. 

John J. Ingalls, R., Atchison 1885. 

Kentucky. 

James B. Beck, D., Lexington 1883. 

John S. Williams, D., Mt. Sterling 1885. 

Louisiana. 

William P. Kellogg, R., New Orleans 1883. 

B. Frank Jonas, D., New Orleans 1885. 

Maine. 

W. P. Frye, R - 1883. 

Eugene Hale, R., Ellsworth 1887. 

Maryland. 

James B. Groome, D.,Elkton 1885. 

Arthur P. Gorman, D.. Laurel 1887. 

Massachusetts. 

George F. Hoar, R., Worcester 1885. 

Henry L. Dawes, R., Pittstield 1887. 






A STORE OF KNOWLEDGE. 73 

Michigan. 

Thomas W. Ferry, R., Grand Haven 1883. 

OinarD. Conger, R., Port Huron 1887. 

Minnesota. 

A. J. Edgerton, R, Kasson 1883. 

Sam J. R McMillan, R, St. Paul . 1887. 

Mississippi. 

Lucius Q. C. Lamar,D., Oxford 1883. 

James Z. George, D. f Carrollton 1887. 

Missouri. 

George G. Vest, D., Sedalia 18§5. 

Francis M. Cockrell, D., Warrensburg... 1887. 

Nebraska. 

Alvin Saunders, R, Omaha 1883. 

Charles H. Van Wyck, R, Nebraska City 1887. 

Nevada. 

John P Jones, R, Gold Hill 1885. 

James G. Fair, D., Virginia City 1887. 

New Hampshire. 

Edward H. Rollins, R, Concord 1883. 

Henry W. Blair, R., Plymouth 1885. 

New Jersey. 

John R. McPherson, D., Jersey City 1883. 

William J. Sewell, R, Camden 1887. 

New York. 

*Roscoe Conkling, R., Utica 1885. 

*Thoinas C. Piatt, R.Owego 1887. 

North Carolina. 

Matt. W. Ransom, D., Weldon 1883. 

Zebulon B. Vance, D., Charlotte 1885. 

Ohio. 

George H. Pendleton, D., Cincinnati 1885- 

John Sherman, R., Mansfield _ 1887. 

Oregon. 

Lafayette Grover, D., Salem 1883. 

John H. Slater, D., La Grande 1835. 

Pennsylvania. 

Jas. Donald Cameron, R., Harrisburg 1885. 

John I. Mitchell, R., 1887. 



74 A STORE OF KNOWLEDGE. 

Rhode Island. 

Henry B. Anthony, R., Providence 1883. 

Ambrose E. Burnside, R., Providence 1887. 

South Carolina. 

Manning C. Butler, D., Edgefield C. H 1883. 

Wade Hampton, D., Columbia 1885. 

Tennessee. 

Isham G. Harris, D., Memphis 1883. 

Howell E.Jackson, D., Jackson 1887. 

Texas. 

Richard Coke, D., Waco ..1883. 

Samuel B. Maxey, D., Paris 1887. 

Vermont. 

Justin S. Morrill, R., Strafford 1885. 

George F. Edmunds, R., Burlington 1887. 

Virginia. 

John W.Johnston, D., Abingdon 1883. 

William Mahone, Ind. D 1887. 

West Virginia. 

Henry G. Davis, D., Piedmont 1883. 

Johnson JS". Camden, D., Parkersburg 1887. 

Wisconsin. 

Angus Cameron, R 1885. 

Philetus Sawyer, R., Oshkosh .1887 

^Resigned their seats May 16, 1881. 

Republicans, 37 ; Democrats, 37 ; Independent Democrats, 2 ; To- 
tal, 76. 



PRINCIPAL OFFICES OF THE SENATE. 

President of the Senate — the Vice-President of the 
United States. 

President pro tempore. 

Chaplain. 

Secretary of the Senate. 

Chief Clerk. 

Principal Executive Clerk. 

Principal Legislative Clerk. 






A STORE OF KNOWLEDGE. 75 

Sergeant-at-Arms. 

Postmaster. 

Superintendent of Folding-Room. 

Superintendent of Document-Room. 

Five Official Reporters of Debate. 

HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES. 

The present number of Representatives is 293 — on 
the basis of the last apportionment law — one Represent- 
ative to every 131,425 of population. Congress at its 
next regular, if not in call session, will make a new 
apportionment law from the census returns of last year, 
which will increase the number of Representatives, and 
the electoral vote for 1884 will probably reach 395. The 
political complexion of the Forty-seventh Congress, 
which convenes in December, 1881, will stand: Repub- 
licans, 147; Democrats, 137; Nationals, 9. 

The term of Congressmen is short, and a complete 
table to-day would not long be reliable. We give the 
Representatives of Illinois and Indiana for the Forty- 
seventh Congress, from March 4, 1881, to March 4, 1883. 

ILLINOIS. 

First District — Willian Aldrich, R., Chicago. 
Second District — George R. Davis, R., Chicago. 
Third District — Charles B. Farwell, R., Chicago. 
Fourth District — John C. Sherwin, R., Aurora. 
Fifth District— Robert M. A. Hawk, R., Mt. Carroll. 
Sixth District — Thomas J, Henderson, R., Princeton. 
Seventh District — William Cullen, R., Ottawa. 
Eighth District — Lewis E. Payson, R., Pontiac. 
Ninth District — John H. Lewis, R., Knoxville. 
Tenth District — Benjamin F. Marsh, R., Warsaw. 



76 A STORE OF KNOWLEDGE. 

Eleventh District — James W. Singleton, D., Qnincy. 

Twelfth District — Wm. M. Springer, D., Springfield. 

Thirteenth District — Dietrich C. Smith, R , Pekin. 

Fourteenth District — Joseph G. Cannon, R., Danville. 

Fifteenth District— Samue 1 W. Moulton, D., Shelby- 
ville. 

Sixteenth District — William A. J. Sparks, D., Carlyle. 

Seventeenth District — William R. Morrison, D., 
Waterloo. 

Eighteenth District — John R.Thomas, R., Metropolis. 

Nineteenth District — Richard W. Townsend, D., 
Shawneetown. 

INDIANA. 

First District — William Heilman, R., Evansville. 
Second District — Thomas R. Cobb, D., Yincennes. 
Third District — Strother M. Stockslager, D., Corydon. 
Fourth District — William S. Holman, D., Aurora. 
Fifth District — Courtland C. Matson, D., Greencastle. 
Sixth District — Thomas M. Browne, R., Winchester. 
Seventh District — Stanton J. Peelle, R., Indianapolis. 
Eighth District— Robert B. F. Pierce, R., Crawfords- 
ville. 

Ninth District — Godlove S. Orth, R., Lafayette. 
Tenth District — Mark L. De Motte, R., Valparaiso. 
Eleventh District — George W. Steele, R., Marion. 
Twelfth District— Walpole G. Colerick, D., Ft. Wayne. 
Thirteenth District — William H. Calkins, R., LaPorte. 

PRINCIPAL OFFICERS OF THE HOUSE. 

Speaker, Doorkeeper, 

Chaplain, Superintendent of Folding- 

Clerk of the House, Room, 



A STORE OF KNOWLEDGE. 77 

Chief Clerk, Superintendent of Upper 

Superintendent of Lower Document-Room, 

Document-Room, Postmaster, 

Librarian, Stenographers — two, 

Sergeant-at-Arms, Official Reporters of De- 

bates — five. 

OFFICERS OF CONGRESS. 

Public Printer — John D. Defrees. 

Librarian of Congress — Ainsworth R. Spofford. 

THE UNITED STATES. 

1. "When and by whom settled ? 

2. When admitted into the Union ? 

3. Population. 

4. Area. 

5. Capital. 

6. Motto. 

7. State elections. 

8. Governors take their seats. 

9. Term of office. 
10. Salary. 

ALABAMA. 

Alabama was settled by the French in 1713. 
Admitted into the Union December 14, 1819. 
Population in 1880—1,262,794. 
Area — 50,722 square miles. 
Capital — Montgomery. 
Motto — None. 

State Election — Tuesday after the first Monday in 
November. 



78 A STORE OF KNOWLEDGE. 

Governor — Rufus W. Cobb, D.; took his seat on the 
28th of November, 1880. 
Term of office — two years. 
Salary— $3,000. 

ARKANSAS 

Arkansas was settled by the French in 1670. 

Admitted into the Union June 15, 1836. 

Population, 1880—802,564. 

Area — 52,198 square miles. 

Capital — Little Rock. 

Motto — " Regnant Populi " — The people rule. 

State Election — First Monday in November. 

It is called the Bear State. 

Governor — J. J. Churchill, D. ; took his seat January 
7, 1881. 

Term of office — two years. 

Salary— $3,500. 

On the 22d of February, 1881, a joint resolution 
passed the Senate, by a vote of 18 yeas to 5 nays, fixing 
the pronunciation of the name of this state as "Ar- 
kansaw." 

CALIFORNIA. 

California was settled by the Spaniards in 1769. 
Admitted into the Union September 9, 1850. 
Population, 1880—864,686. 
Area— 157,801 square miles. 
Cap i tal — Sacramen to. 
Motto — " Eureka," I have found it. 
State Election — The first Tuesday in September. 
Governor — George E. Perkins, R.; took his seat 
December 1, 1879. 

Term of office— four years. 
Salary— $6,000. 



A STORE OF KNOWLEDGE. 79 

COLORADO. 

Colorado was settled by the Americans in 1860. 

Admitted into the Union August 1, 1876. 

Population in 1880—191,649. 

Area — 105,000 square miles. 

Capital — Denver. 

Motto — " Nil Sine Numine" — Nothing can be done 
without Divine aid. 

State Election — Tuesday after the first Monday in 
November. 

Governor — F. W. Pitkin, P.; took his seat January 
14, 1881. 

Term — two years. 

Salary— $3,000. 

CONNECTICUT. 

Connecticut was settled by the English in 1633. - 

Admitted into the Union January 9, 1788. 

Population in 1880—622,683. 

Area — 4,750 square miles. 

Capital — Hartford. 

Motto — " Qui Trans tulit Sustinet " — He who brought 
us over sustains us. Is called the " Nutmeg State." 

State Election — First Monday in April. 

Governor — H. B. Eigelow, P.; took his seat January 
9, 1881. 

Term — two years. 

Salary— $2,000. 

DELAWARE. 

Delaware was settled by the Swedes in 1672. 
Admitted into the Union December 7, 1787. 
Population in 1880—146,654. 
Area — 2,120 square miles. 
Capital — Dover. 



80 A STORE OF KNOWLEDGE. 

Motto — " Liberty and Independence." Called the 
" Blue Hen State." 

State Election — Tuesday after the first Monday in 
November. 

Governor — J. W. Hall, D.; took his seat January 21, 
1879. 

Term of office — four years. 

Salary— $2,000. 

a 

FLORIDA. 

Florida was settled by the Spaniards in 1564. 

Admitted into the Union March 3, 1845. 

Population in 1880—267,351. 

Area — 59,284 square miles. 

Capital — Tallahassee. 

Motto— " In God is Our Trust." 

State Election — The Tuesday after the first Monday in 
November. 

Governor — W. D. Bloxham, D. ; took his seat Janu- 
ary 1, 1881. 

Term of office — four years. 

Salary— $3,500. 

GEORGIA. 

Georgia was settled by the English in 1733. 
Admitted into the Union January 2, 1788. 
Population in 1880—1,539,083. 
Area — 58,000 square miles. 
Capital — Atlanta. 

Motto — " Wisdom, Justice and Moderation." 
State Election — The first Tuesday in August. 
Governor — A. H. Colquitt, D.; took his seat Novem- 
ber 3, 1880. 

Term — two years. 
Salary— $3,000. 



A STORE OF KNOWLEDGE. 81 

ILLINOIS. 

Illinois was settled by the French in 1749. 

Admitted into the Union December 3, 1818. 

Population in 1880—3,078,636. 

Area — 55,410 square miles. 

Capital — Springfield 

Motto — " State Sovereignty, National Union." Called 
the " Sucker State." 

State Election — -The Tuesday after the first Monday in 
November. 

Governor — Shelby M. Cullom, R.; took his seat Jan- 
uary 8, 1881. 

Term of office — four years. 

Salary— $6,000. 

INDIANA. 

Indiana was settled by the French in 1730. 

Admitted into the Union December 11, 1816. 

Population in 1880—1,978,329. 

Area — 33,809 square miles. 

Capital — Indianapolis. 

Motto — None. Is called the " Hoosier State." 

State Election — The Tuesday after the first Monday 
in November. 

Governor — Albert G. Porter, R. ; took his seat Janu- 
ary 8, 1881. 

Term of office — four years. 

Salary— $5,000. 

By a vote of the people at their April election in 
1880, Indiana was made a November state, but the de- 
cision of a majority of the Supreme Court ruled it not 
valid, and it "'went by the board." 

At a special election called by Governor Porter on 
6 



82 A STORE OF KNOWLEDGE. 

the 14th of March, 1881, the people again voted upon the 
same amendment; it was carried and now is law. 

Among the bills passed at the call session in March, 
1881, by the Indiana Legislature, were the prohibitory 
and female suffrage amendments to the constitution; the 
former passed the House by the vote, ayes 55, noes 35; 
passed the Senate, ayes 26, noes 20. 

The female suffrage bill was adopted in the House by 
a vote yeas 62, nays 24; in the Senate, yeas 27, nays 18. 
These proposed amendments to become a part of the or- 
ganic law will have to receive a majority of the votes of 
both branches of the next Legislature, which meets in 
January, 1883, then be submitted by an election to the 
people, which will require a majority of the votes cast 
upon each amendment separately. An effort will no 
doubt be made by the friends of these measures to en- 
graft them upon some of the party platforms, and mem- 
bers to the next Legislature may be elected or defeated 
by favoring the enactment of these measures or oppos- 
ing their adoption. 

The school law remains as published in 1877, save one 
change, that women are now *-' eligible to any office under 
the general or special school laws of the State of Indiana" 

IOWA. 

Iowa was settled by the Americans in 1835. 
Admitted into the Union December 28, 1846. 
Population in 1880—1,624,620. 
Area — 55,045 square miles. 
Capital — Des Moines. 

Motto — " Our Liberties we Prize, Our Rights we will 
Maintain." It is known as the " Hawkeye State." 
State Election — Second Tuesday in October. 



A STORE OF KNOWLEDGE. 83 

Governor — John H. Gear, R.; took his seat January 
4, 1880. 

Term — two years. 
Salary— $3,000. 

KANSAS. 

Kansas was settled by the Americans in 1850. 

Admitted into the Union January 29, 1861. 

Population in 1880—995,966. 

Area — 81,318 square miles. 

Capital — Topeka. 

Motto — " Ad astraper aspera." — To the stars through 
difficulties. 

State Election — Tuesday after the first Monday in 
November. 

Governor — J. P. St. John, P.; took his seat January 
13, 1881. 

Term — two years. 

Salary— $3,000. 

KENTUCKY. 

Kentucky was settled by Virginians in 1775. 

Admitted into the Union June 1, 1792. 

Population in 1880—1,648,699. 

Area — 37,630 square miles. 

Capital — Frankfort. 

Motto— " United We Stand, Divided We Fall." 
Called the " Blue Grass State." 

State Election — The first Monday in August. 

Governor — L. P. Blackburn, D. ; took his seat Septem- 
ber 2, 1879. 

Term — four years. 

Salary— $5,000. 



84 A STORE OF KNOWLEDGE. 

LOUISIANA. 

Louisiana was settled by the French in 1699. 

Admitted into the Union April 12, 1812. 

Population in 1880—940,103. 

Area — 41,346 square miles. 

Capital — Baton .Rouge. 

Motto — " Union and Confidence." It is known as the 
" Creole State." 

State Election — The first Monday in November. 

Governor — L. A. Wiltz, D.; took his seat January 
10, 1880. 

Term of office — four years. 

Salary— $4,000. 

MAINE. 

Maine was settled by the English in 1630. 

Admitted into the Union March 3, 1820. 

Population in 1880—648,945. 

Area — 35,000 square miles. 

Capital — Augusta. 

Motto— " Dirigo "—I direct. Called the " Pine Tree 
State." 

State Election — The second Monday in September. 

Governor — H. M. Plaisted, IN". ; took his seat January 
1, 1881. 

Term — two years. 

Salary— $2,000. 

MARYLAND. 

Maryland was settled by the English in 1634. 
Admitted into the Union April 28, 1788. 
Population in 1880—934,632. 
Area — 11,124 square miles. 
Capital — Annapolis. 



A STORE OF KNOWLEDGE. 85 

Motto — { » Crescite et Multiplicaraine " — Increase and 
Multiply. 

State Election — Tuesday after the first Monday in 
November. 

Governor — W. T. Hamilton, D.; took his seat January 
1, 1880. 

Term — four years. 

Salary— $4,500. 

MASSACHUSETTS. 

Massachusetts was settled by the English in 1620. 

Admitted into the Union February 6, 1788. 

Population in 1880—1,783,086. 

Area — 7,800 square miles. 

Capital — Boston. 

Motto — " Ense petit placidam sub libertate quietem" 
— By the Sword she seeks placid rest in Liberty. The 
" Bay State." 

State Election — Tuesday after the first Monday in 
January. 

Governor — John D. Long, R. ; took his seat January 
7, 1881. 

Term — one year. 

Salary— $5,000. 

MICHIGAN. 

Michigan was settled by the French in 1670. 

Admitted into the Union January 26, 1837. 

Population in 1880—1,636,331. 

Area — 56,451 square miles. 

Capital — Lansing. 

Motto — " Tuebor" — I will defend; " Si quoeris penin- 
sulam arnoenam circumspice" — If you seek a pleasant 
peninsula, look around you. 



86 A STORE OF KNOWLEDGE. 

State Election — Tuesday after the first Monday in 
November. 

Governor — D. II. Jerome, E. ; took his seat January 
1, 1881. 

Term — two years. 

Salary— $1,000. 

MINNESOTA. 

Minnesota was settled by Americans in 1847. 

Admitted into the Union May 4, 1858. 

Population in 1880—780,807. 

Area — 83,531 square miles. 

Capital — St. Paul. 

Motto—" L'Etoile du Nord "—The Star of the North. 

State Election — Tuesday after the first Monday in 
January. 

Governor — John H. Pillsbury, R. ; took his seat Janu- 
ary 6, 1880. 

Term — two years. 

Salary-$3,800. 

MISSISSIPPI. 

Mississippi was settled by the French in 1716 

Admitted into the Union December 10, 1817. 

Population in 1880—1,131,592. 

Area — 47,156 square miles. 

Capital — Jackson. 

Motto— None. 

State Election — Tuesday after the first Monday in 
November. 

Governor — John M. Stone, D. ; took his seat January 
7, 1878. 

Term — four years. 

Salary— $4,000. 



A STORE OF KNOWLEDGE. 87 

. MISSOURI. 

Missouri was settled by the French in 1763. 

Admitted into the Union March 2, 1821. 

Population in 1880—2,168,804. 

Area — 65,350 square miles. 

Capital — Jefferson City. 

Motto — "Salus popnli suprema lex esto " — Let the 
welfare of the people be the supreme law. 

State Election — Tuesday after the first Monday in 
November. 

Governor — T. J. Crittenden, D.; took his seat Jan- 
uary 8, 1881. 

Term — four years. 

Salary— $5,000. 

NEBRASKA. 

Nebraska was settled by the Americans in 1850. 
Admitted into the Union March 1, 1867. 
Population in 1880—452,432. 
Area — 75,995 square miles. 
Capital — Lincoln. 

Motto — " Equality before the Law." 
State Election — Second Tuesday in October. 
Governor — Albinus Nance, E. ; took his seat January 
7, 1881, 

Term — two years. 
Salary— $2,500. 

NEVADA. 

Nevada was settled by Americans in 1860. 
Admitted into the Union March 21, 1864. 
Population in 1880—62,265. 
Area — 112,090 square miles. 
Capital — Carson City. 



88 STORE OF KNOWLEDGE 

Motto — " Yolens et Potens " — Willing and powerful. 
State Election — The first Tuesday in November. 
Governor — John H. Kinkhead, R.; took his seat Jan- 
uary 6, 1879. 

Term — four years. 
Salary— $6,000. 

NEW HAMPSHIRE. 

New Hampshire was settled by the English in 1623. 
Admitted into the Union June 21, 1788. 
Population in 1880—346.984. 
Area — 9,289 square miles. 
Capital — Concord. 

Motto — None. Is known as the " Old Granite State." 
State Election — Second Tuesday in March. 
Governor — Charles H. Bell, R. ; took his seat June 1, 
1881. 

Term — two years. 
Salary— $1,000. 

NEW JERSEY. 

New Jersey was settled by the Swedes in 1627. 

Admitted into the Union December 18, 1787. 

Population in 1880—1,130,983. 

Area — 8,320 square miles. 

Capital — Trenton. 

Motto — " Liberty and Independence." 

State Election — Tuesday after the first Monday in 
November. 

Governor — George C. Ludlow, D. ; took his seat Jan- 
uary 18, 1881. 

Term — Three years. 

Salary— $5,000. 



A STORE OF KNOWLEDGE. 89 

NEW YORK. 

New York was settled by the Dutch in the year 1613. 

Admitted into the Union July 26, 1788. 

Population in 1880—5,083,810. 

Area — 47,000 square miles. 

Capi tal — Albany. 

Motto — " Excelsior," higher. Called the " Empire 
State." 

State Election — Tuesday after the first Monday in 
November. 

Governor — Alonzo B. Cornell, R.; took his seat Jan- 
uary 1, 1880. 

Term — three years. 

Salary— $10,000. 

NORTH CAROLINA. 

North Carolina was settled by the English in 1650. 

Admitted into the Union November 21, 1789. 

Population in 1880—1,400,000. 

Area — 50,704 square miles. 

Capital — Raleigh. 

Motto — None. Sometimes called the " Turpentine 
State." 

State Election — First Thursday in August. 

Governor — Thos. J. Jarvis, D.; took his seat January 
1, 1881. 

Term — four years. 

Salary— $3,000. 

OHIO. 

Ohio was first settled by Virginians in 1788. 
Admitted into the Union April 30, 1802. 
Population in 18S0— 3,198,239. 
Area — 39,964 square miles. 
Capital — Columbus. 



90 A STORE OF KNOWLEDGE. 

Motto — "Imperium in Imperio " — An empire in an 
empire. 

State Election — Second Tuesday in October. 

Governor — Charles Foster, JR..; took his seat January 
12, 1880. 

Term — two years. 

Salary— $4,000. 

OREGON. 

Oregon was settled by the English in 1796. 

Admitted into the Union February 14, 1856. 

Population in 1880—174,767. 

Area — 95,274 square miles. 

Capital — Salem. 

Motto — "Alia volat propri'is" — She flies with her own 
wings. 

State Election — First Monday in June. 

Governor — William "W. Thayer, D.; took his seat 
September 11, 1878. 

Term — four years. 

Salary— $4,500. 

PENNSYLVANIA. 

Pennsylvania was settled by the English in 1682. 

Admitted into the Union December 12, 1787. 

Population in 1880—4,282,786. 

Area — 46,000 square miles. 

Capital — llarrisburg. 

Motto — " Virtue, Liberty and Independence." Called 
the "Keystone State." 

State Election — Second Tuesday in October. 

Governor — H. M. Iioyt, P.; took his seat January 
21, 1879. 

Term — four years. 

Salarv— $10,000. 






A STORE OF KNOWLEDGE. 91 

RHODE ISLAND. 

Rhode Island was first settled by the English in 1631. 
Admitted into the Union May 29, 1790. 
Population in 1880—276,528. 
Area — 1,306 square miles. 
Capitals — Newport and Providence. 
Motto—" Hope." 

State Election — First Wednesday in April. 
Governor — A. H. Littlefield, R. ; took his seat May 
27, 1881. 

Term— one year. 
Salary— $1,000. 

SOUTH CAROLINA. 

South Carolina was settled by the English in 1689. 

Admitted into the Union May 23, 1788. 

Population in 1880—995,706. 

Area — 34,000 square miles. 

Capi tal — Columbia. 

Motto — "Animis opibusque parati " — Ready in will 
and deed. 

State Election — Fourth Monday in November. 

Governor — Johnson Hagood, D.; took his seat De- 
cember 30, 1880. 

Term — two years. 

Salary— $3,500. ' 

TENNESSEE. 

Tennessee was settled by the Yirginians in 1765. 
Admitted into the Union June 1, 1796. 
Population in 1880- 1,542,463. 
Area — 45,600 square miles. 
Capital — Nashville. 






92 A STORE OF KNOWLEDGE. 

Motto — "Agriculture and Commerce." Known as 
the Big Bend State." 

State Election — First Monday in August. 

Governor — Alvin Hawkins, E..; took his seat January 

15, 1881. 
Term — two years. 
Salary— $4,000. 

TEXAS. 

Texas was settled by the Spaniards in 1690. 
Admitted into the Union March 1. 1845. 
Population in 1880—1,592,509 
Area — 274,356 square miles. 
Capital — Austin. 

Motto — None. Is known as the " Lone Star State." 
State Election — Tuesday after the first Monday in 
November. 

Governor — O. M. Roberts, D.; took his seat January 

16, 1881. 

Term — two years. 
Salary— $4,000. 

VERMONT. 

Vermont was settled by the English in 1763. 

.Admitted into the Union February 18, 1791. 

Population in 1880—332,286. 

Area — 9,612 square miles. 

Capital — Montpelier. 

Motto — " Freedom and Unity." Called the "Green 
Mountain State." 

State Election — First Tuesday in September. 

Governor — Roswell Farnham, R. ; took his seat Octo- 
ber 4, 1880. 

Term — two years. 

Salary— $1,000. 



A STORE OF KNOWLEDGE. 93 

VIRGINIA. 

Virginia was settled by the English in 1607 

Admitted into the Union June 26, 1788. 

Population in 1880—1,512,803. 

Area — 38,352 square miles. 

Capital — Richmond. 

Motto — " Sic Semper Tyrannis " — Thus always with 
Tyrants. 

State Election — Tuesday after the first Monday in 
November. 

Governor — F. W. Holliday, D. ; took his seat January 
1, 1878. 

Term — four years. 

Salary— $5,000. 

WEST VIRGINIA. 

West Virginia being a part of Virginia, in 1607 was 
settled by the English. It was separated from Virginia 
proper, and admitted as a state December 31, 1862. 

Population in 1880—618,443. 

Area — 23,000 square miles. 

Capital — Wheeling. 

Motto — Montani Semper Liberi " — Mountaineers are 
always Free. 

State Election — Fourth Thursday in October. 

Governor— J. B. Jackson, D.; took his seat March 4, 
188 

Term — four years. 

Salary— §2,700. 

WISCONSIN. 

Wisconsin was settled by the Americans in 1831 
Admitted into the Union March 3. 1847. 
Population in 1880—1,315,486. 
Area — 53,924 square miles. 
Capital — Madison. 



94 



A STOKE OF KNOWLEDGE. 



Motto — " The civilized man succeeds the barbarous." 
The " Badger State." 

State Election — Tuesday after the first Monday in 
November, 

Governor — William E. Smith, R; took his seat Jan- 
uary 5, 1880. 

Term — two years. 

Salary— $5,000. 

Republican Governors, 20; Democratic Governors, 
17; National, 1. 

To find the number of acres of any state, multiply its 
area by 640. 

TERRITORIES. 

The Governors of Arizona, Dakota, Idaho, Montana, 
New Mexico, Utah, Washington and Wyoming serve 
each four years and receive each $2,600 per annum. 

The Alaska and Indian Territories have not yet been 
organized. 





Organized. 


No. Co. 


Population. 


TERRITORIES 


1870. 


1880. 


Arizona 


1863 

1864 

1863 

1864 

850 

50 

53 

868 


7 

36 
12 
10 
12 
23 
23 
5 


9,658 
14,181 
15,000 
20,595 
91,874 
86,786 
23,955 

9,118 


40,441 
134 502 


Dakota . 


Idaho _ 


32,611 

39,157 

118,430 


Montana 


New Mexico.. 


Utah 


14J,907 
75,120 


Washington _ 


Wyoming 


20.788 



Alaska was ceded 
1867, for the sum of f 



to the United States, March 30, 
f ,200,000. 



A STORE OF KNOWLEDGE. 95 

UNITED STATES MONEY. 

Gold, silver, copper, nickel, national bank notes, legal 
tender notes or greenbacks, and the silver certificates 
constitute our money. 

Gold: — One dollar piece, two and a half, or quarter 
eagle; three dollar piece; five dollar, or halt-eagle; ten 
dollar, or eagle; twenty dollar, or double-eagle. 

Silver: — Three, five, ten, twenty, twenty-five, and fif- 
ty-cent pieces; standard dollar of 412-J grains, and the 
trade dollar of 420 grains. The first silver dollars coined 
weighed 416 grains, standard silver. 

Copper: — One and two -cent pieces. 

Nickel: — Three and five-cent pieces. 

National bank notes are issued in denominations of 
ones, twos, fives, tens, twenties, fifties, one hundred, five 
hundred, and one thousand-dollar notes. The one and 
two-dollar notes were discontinued November 1, 1878, 
in view of the provision : — Section 5,175 of the Revised 
Statutes, "that not more than one-sixth part of the notes 
furnished to any association shall be of a less denomina- 
tion than five dollars, and that after specie payments are 
resumed no association shall be furnished with notes of 
a less denomination than five dollars. 

The legal tender or greenback notes are of the 
same denomination as the national bank notes, with the 
addition of the five and ten thousand dollar notes. 

Silver certificates: — Tens, twenties, fifties, one 
hundred, and five hundred dollar notes. 

Our coined gold and silver is nine parts fine and one 
part alloy. Silver is alloyed with copper; gold with cop- 
per and silver. 

In testing the purity of gold by analysis at the mints, 
weight is not taken into consideration. Any amount, 



96 A STORE OF KNOWLEDGE. 

be it large or small, is called an " assay pound," which 
is taken up and analyzed, and its fineness is fixed accord- 
ing to the proportionate amount of purity to the amount 
of impurity. If a mass of it is found to contain 12 car- 
ats gold, it is then 12-24ths pure, and 12-24ths or \ im- 
pure. If it is 16 carats gold, then it is 16-24ths pure, 
and 8-24ths impure; if 18 carats gold, it is 18-24ths or f 
pure gold and 6-24ths or J impure; if 24 carats gold, it 
is entirely pure gold, free from all alloy. The table 
used : 

4 quarters 1 assay grain. 

4 grains 1 carat. 

24 carats 1 assay pound. 

VALUABLE COINS. 

Some Numismatic Information of Interest. 

Of all the decimal United States coins the most valu- 
able is the silver dollar of 1804, which is excessively 
rare. Specimens are worth from $500 to $1,000 each, 
according to the nearness with which they approach 
perfection. The coinage of this year was very limited, 
and there were no more dollars coined until 1836. 
" Proofs " of the last-named year are worth $10, and 
good examples $5. There was nothing done in dollars 
in 1837, and the issues of 1838 and 1839 are rare enough 
to raise the quotations for good specimens to $40 each. 
From that date forward to 1873, when the trade dollar 
came in, there is no break in the line of dollars, but 
from 1850 to 1856, inclusive, they are quoted as " rare " 
or " scarce'" those of 1851 and 1852 being worth $35 
or $40 each. Previous to 1804 the value of a good 
specimen varies from $1.75 for 1799, to $5 for 1798, and 
$4 for 1801, save that the first date of all (1794), which 



A STORE OF KNOWLEDGE.. 97 

is very rare, brings $50. Some of the early dates are 
made peculiarly valuable by reason of variation in the 
number and style of stars, etc., there being three varia- 
tions of 1798 and five of 1795. 

Of the silver half-dollars, those of 1796 and and 1797 
are the most valuable, choice samples of these dates 
being worth from $15 to $20. Good ones of other years 
previous to 1S06 will bring from $2 to $4. One of this 
class of 1815 is quoted at $2.50, and then they are of 
little rarity until 1836, when a specimen with reeded 
edge and head of 1837 is valued at $3 or $4. The other 
issue of this year is worth $1. The next dates of note 
are 1850, 1851 and 1852, valued at $1.50, $2.50 and $3 
respectively. More recent dates are only valuable to 
collectors when in perfect conditions, " proofs " of later 
issues only being desired, and they range in worth from 
$1.25 to $8. 

Quarter dollars are likewise a speculative issue, and, 
therefore, favorites with dealers, particularly the dates 
1823 and 1827, which are excessively rare, and com- 
mand from $45 to $75 each. The 1853 issue, without 
arrows, is also much sought after, fair specimens bring- 
ing from $6 to $8. The only other dates worth over $1 
for "good" examples are: 1824, $1.50; 1822, $2; 1819, 
$1.75; 1815, $2; 1807, $2; 1806, $2; 1805, $1.50; 1804, 
$4 and 1796, $4. 

Silver dimes are still more valuable as a class than 
the quarters, their smaller size and more general circu- 
lation having made good specimens rather scarce in all 
the earlier dates. From 1828 back to 1706 they range 
in worth from $1 to $7, except in five instances. The 
high rates are: 1824, $2.50; 1825, $5; 1811, $2.50; 
1809, $3: 1807, $2; 1803, $3; 1802, $6; 1801, $5; 
7 



98 A STORE OF KNOWLEDGE. 

1800, $7; 1798, $5; 1797, $5 and 1796, $3. And 
1840, with a draped figure of Liberty, like 1841, is 
worth $1, as is a good issue of 1846. 

Of all the minor coins, however, an 1802 half-dime is 
the chief in cost, the price ranging from $75 to $200, 
according to quality. A good specimen of many other 
dates is, nevertheless, a handy thing to have, as will be 
noted by the following quotations: 1794, $4; 1796, $4; 
1797, $2; 1800, $1.25; 1801, $6; 1803, $4; 1804, $4; 
1840 (with drapery), $1; 1846, $1.75. From that date 
until 1873, when the coinage closed, no unusual worth 
attaches to this class. A first-class specimen of the last- 
named date is worth 50 cents, however. 

For the three-cent silver piece there is but one little 
call, as their period only reaches from 185 1 to 1873, includ- 
ing both these years. By far the most valuable of all of 
them is the 1855, a perfect specimen of which is worth 
$2. From 1863 to 1869 an uncirculated one is worth 
58 cents. All the other dates are of small value. — 
Ind, Sentinel. 



A STORE OF KNOWLEDGE. 



99 



EMIGRATION TO THE UNITED STATES, BY COUNTRIES, DUR- 
ING 60 CALENDAR YEARS 1829-1879. 

LProm the American Almanac for 1881.] 






Great Britain 

England 894,444 

Ireland 3,065,761 

Scotland 159,547 

Wales 17,893 

Great Britain, 
Notspecified,560,453 

Total from Brit- 
ish Isles.. 4,698,098 



Austria-Hung'y 65,588 

Belgium 23,267 

Denmark 48,620 

France 313,716 

Germany 3,002,027 

Greece 385 

Italy 70,181 

Netherlands... 44,319 

Poland 14,831 

Portugal 9,062 

Russia 38,316 

Spain 28,091 

Sweden & Nor- 

way 306,092 

Switzerland... 83,709 
Turkey 619 

Total from Eu- 
rope 8,746,921 



Summary 

Europe 8,746,921 

Asia 228,047 

Africa 1,631 

Bri. America 568,941 
Other Amer- 
ican coun- 
tries 97,007 

Pacific 10,474 

Allother... 255,778 

Grand aggre- 
gate 9,908,799 



CHINESE EMIGRATION INTO THE UNITED STATES FOR EACH 
CALENDAR YEAR FROM 1855 TO 1880 INCLUSIVE. 



Year. No. 

1855 3,526 

1856 4,733 

1857 5,944 

1858 5,128 

1859 3,457 

1860 5,467 

1861 7,518 




Year. No. 

1869 14,902 

1870 11,943 

1871 6,039 

1872 10,642 

1873. 18,154 

1874 16,651 

1875 19,033 



Year. No. 

1876 16,879 

1877 .10,379 

1878 8,468 

1879 9,189 

1880Jan.toJu'e.4,018 



Total.. 215,586 



Note. — The statement is made that nearly one-half of all the Chi- 
nese who have arrived in the United States have returned to their 
native country. 



100 



A STOKE OF KNOWLEDGE. 



PAY OF THE ARMY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
[Prom the American Almanac for 1881.] 





Pay of Officers in Active 
Service. 


Pay of Retired Officers. 


GRADE. 


Yearly Pay. 


Yearly Pay. 


• 


First 5 
years' 
service. 


After 

5 years' 
service. 


After 
io yrs. 
service. 


First s 
years' 
service. 


After 

5 years' 
service. 


After 
10 yrs. 
service. 


General _._. 


$13,500 
11,000 
7,500 
5,500 
3,500 
3,000 
2,500 
2,000 
1,800 
1,800 
1,800 
1,600 
1,500 
1,500 
1,400 
1,500 


lOp. C. 


20p. c. 








Lieutenant-General 












Major-General _ 

Brigadier-General 

Colonel ,... 

Lieutenant-Colonel 

Major 






$5,625 
4,1*25 
2,625 
2,250 

1,875 
1,500 
1,350 

*"l~266 
1,125 
1,125 
1,050 
1,350 














$3,850 
3,300 
2,750 
2,200 
1980 
1,980 
1,980 
1,760 
1,650 
1,650 
1,540 
1,650 


$4,200 
3,600 
3,000 
2,400 
2,160 
2,160 
2,160 
1,920 
1,800 
1,800 
1,680 
1,800 


$2,887 
2,475 
2,062 
1,650 
1,485 

T,320 
1,237 
1,237 
1,155 
1,485 


$3,150 
2,700 
2,250 


Captain, mounted 

Captain, not mounted.. 
Regimental Adjutant.. 
Regimental Quarterm'r 
1st Lieutenant, mounted 
1st Lieutenant, not m't'd 
2d Lieutenant, mounted 
2d Lieutenant, not m't'd 
Chaplain 


1,800 
1,620 

"l~440 
1,350 
1,350 
1,260 
1,620 



QUARTERS, FUEL, AND FORAGE ALLOWED TO ARMY OFFICERS.. 

By act of June 18, 1878, all allowance or commuta- 
tion for fuel was prohibited, but wood is furnished at 
$3 per cord, out of the pay of officers. Forage is 
furnished only in kind, and only to officers actually in 
the field or west of the Mississippi, on the basis of five 
horses for the General of the Army, four for the Lieu- 
tenant-General, three each for a major or brigadier- 
general, and two each for a colonel, lieutenant-colonel, 
major, mounted captain or lieutenant, adjutant and 
regimental quartermaster. Quarters are furnished on 
the following basis: General (commutation for quar- 
ters), $125 per month; Lieutenant-General, $70 per 
month; major-general, six rooms; brigadier-general or 



A STORE OF KNOWLEDGE. 101 

colonel, five rooms; lieutenant-colonel or major, four 
rooms; captain or chaplain, three rooms; and first or 
second-lieutenant, two rooms — all of which may be 
commuted at $10 per room per month. 

Note. — The law provides that no allowance shall be made to officers 
in addition to their pay, except quarters and forage furnished in kind. 

Mileage at the rate of eight cents per mile is allowed for travel 
under orders. 

The pay of cadets at the U. S. Military Academy, West Point, was 
placed at $540 per annum, by act of August 7, 1876, instead of $500 
and one ration per diem (equivalent to $609.50), by former laws. 

The pay of privates runs from $156 ($13 a month and rations) for 
first two years, to $21 a month after twenty years' service. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

There are 850 daily and 7,500 weekly newspapers pub- 
lished in the United States say nothing of the peri- 
odicals and various other kinds of publications. We 
here append seven leading newspaper states: 

New York 115 dailies. New York.. .800 weekly. 

Pennsylvania . 90 " Illinois 650 " 

Illinois 70 " Pennsylvania . . 620 " 

Ohio... 50 " Ohio .525 " 

California 48 " Iowa 450 " 

Missouri 40 " Missouri 375 " 

Indiana 38 " Indiana 350 " 

Number of newspapers and periodicals published in 
seven of the largest cities in the United States: 

Rank by Population, 1880. Rank by the No. of Periodicals. 

New York 1,206,590. New York .... 435 per'd's. 

Philadelphia .... 846,984. Chicago 165 " 

Brooklyn 566,689. Philadelphia. . . 155 " 

Chicago 503,304. Boston .115 " 

Boston ....••••. 362,535. ' St. Louis 75 " 

St. Louis 350,522. Baltimore 45 " 

Baltimore 332,190. Brooklyn 20 " 



102 A STOKE OF KNOWLEDGE. 

surveyor's MEASURE. 

7.92 inches 1 link. 

100 links 1 chain. 

80 chains 1 mile. 

7.92 multiplied by 100 equal 792 inches, divided by 12 
equal 66 feet, or 1 chain; and 66 feet divided by 3 feet 
equal 22 yards, divided by 5-J- yards equal 4 rods, or 1 
chain ; hence, the chain used by surveyors is 4 rods or 
66 feet long. If you wish to lay off a square acre, meas- 
ure 209 feet on each side, and you have it within one 
inch, nearly. 

BARREL MEASURE. 

196 lbs. flour one barrel. 

200 lbs. pork one barrel. 

200 lbs. beef one barrel. 

600 lbs. rice one barrel. 

25 lbs. powder one barrel. 

280 lbs. salt. . . , one barrel. 

100 lbs. nails one keg. 

56 lbs. butter one firkin. 

84 lbs. butter one tub. 

TO MEASURE CORN IN A CRIB, BIN OR WAGON. 

First reduce the dimensions all to the same denomina- 
tion; then multiply the length, depth and width to- 
gether; if the dimensions were in feet, you will have 
cubic feet, multiply by 1728, the number of cubic inches 
in one cubic foot, this will reduce the dimensions to 
cubic inches; divide this product by 2150.42, the num- 
ber of cubic inches in a bushel; the quotient thus ob- 
tained will be the answer sought; but if part of the di- 
mensions be in feet and part in inches, first reduce all 



A STOKE OF KNOWLEDGE. 103 

to inches, then multiply the three dimensions together 
and divide the product by 2150.42, and the quotient 
will represent the number of bushels required. The 
above rule applies to wheat, oats, shelled corn, etc. To 
find the number of bushels of corn in the ear, use the 
above rule in reducing your cribs, bins, etc., to cubic 
feet or cubic inches as the case may require, but divide 
by .3888 instead of 2150 42, and you obtain the number 
of bushels sought. 

One bushel of dry measure contains 2150.42 cubic 
inches. 

One gallon, dry measure contains 268.8 cubic inches. 

One gallon, wine, contains 231 cubic inches. 

One gallon, beer or ale, contains 282 cubic inches. 

EXCHANGE. 

Bills of Exchange, Drafts, or Checks are used to pay debts at a dis- 
tance without having to transmit actual money. There are two 
kinds of Exchange, Foreign and Domestic. 

The person or bank on whom the draft is drawn is called the 
drawee; and the person to whose order it is to be paid is called the 
payee. 

COMMON FORM OF A DOMESTIC DRAFT. 

$1,000. Burlington, Kansas, June 1, 1881. 

Pay to the order of A. H. Smith, one thousand dollars and 

charge 

To Kramer & Son, Bankers, New York. 

FORM OF A FOREIGN DRAFT. 

Exchange £1000. Boston, July 4, 1881. 

At ninety days' sight of this first exchange (the second and 
third of the same date and tenor unpaid), pay to the order of Thomas 
J. Brant, one thousand pounds, without further notice. 

To William Tell, Merchant, London. Smith & Brown. 

A promissory note is a written agreement by one party to pay a 
certain sum of money to another party at a specified time. 

COMMON FORM OF A NOTE. 

$100. Terre Haute, Ind., July 1, 1881. 

Twelve months after date. I promise to pay to the order of 
John Roy, one hundred dollars, value received, without any relief 



a 
u a 

u a 

u a 



104 A STOKE OF KNOWLEDGE. 

whatever from valuation or appraisement laws, with five per cent, 
interest from date until paid. Samuel Thomas. 

The words " value received " are always essential in plain notes 
of hand, but immaterial to a Bill of Exchange. 

WEIGHTS OF WOOD. 

Pine 23 lbs. in one cubic foot. 

Poplar 26 " " 

Dry Cedar 28 " 

Dry Willow 30 " 

Dry Chestnut 33 " 

Cedar 35 " " 

Dry Elm 36 " " " 

Dry Sycamore 36 " " " 

Dry Walnut 38 " " " 

Green Willow 38 " " " 

Dry Oak 39 " u " 

Green Sycamore ... 40 " 

' . Dry Beach 43 " 

Maple 49 « 

Dry Ash 52 " 

Dry Mahogany .... 53 u 

Green Chestnut 54 " " " 

Green Walnut..... 57 " " " 

Green Elm 58 " " « 

Green Oak 68 " " " 

One cord of dry hickory weighs 4,400 pounds; one 
cord of dry maple, 2,600 pounds. 

Our best charcoal is obtained from oak, chestnut, ma- 
ple and beach woods. 

Our mineral coal we obtain from beds in the earth; 
these beds vary from one inch to forty feet in thickness; 
the bed at Wilkesbarre, Pa., is 37 feet, while at Pitts- 
burg averages 8 feet. From Pottsville, Lehigh, and 



a u 

u a 

u a 

a u 






A STORE OF KNOWLEDGE. 105 

Wilkesbarre, we get the anthracite coal; from Pittsburg 
the bituminous coal. The use of coal has become uni- 
versal in all kinds of manufactories throughout the 
world. It is said that two ounces of coal properly ar- 
ranged will evaporate one pint of water; this will pro- 
duce 216 gallons of steam, which is capable of raising 
37 tons 12 inches high. 



Names of principal rivers arranged in the order of 
length by English statute miles: 

Mississippi North America 3,700 miles. 

Amazon South America 3,540 " 

Yenesei Asia 3,320 " 

Yang-tse-Kiang . . . , Asia 3,310 " 

Missouri North America 3,100 " 

Volga Europe 2,760 " 

Lena Asia 2,760 " 

Amoor Asia 2,730 " 

Obi Asia 2,670 " 

HoangHo Asia 2,620 " 

Nile Africa 2,570 " 

Indus Asia 2,250 " 

Eio de la Plata .. . . South America 2,200 " 

St. Lawrence North America 2,070 " 

Eio Grande North America 2,000 " 

Arkansas North America 2,000 a 

Ganges Asia , 1,930 " 

Danube Europe 1,720 " 

Euphrates Asia 1,710 " 

Elbe Europe 780 " 

Rhine Europe 690 " 

The velocity of rivers vary; some flow at the rate of 

two or three feet per second, while others move five or 



106 A STORE OF KNOWLEDGE. 

six feet per second. The mean velocity of the Missis- 
sippi at its mouth is 2.95 or nearly three feet per second. 
In large, deep rivers it is said that three inches of decliv- 
ity to the mile, will give a velocity of three miles per 
hour to the water. The Mississippi has its tributaries 
in the heights of the Rocky Mountain chain of the West 
and the Appalachian chain of the East and South, all 
flowing to one great basin that forms the waters of the 
Mississippi; like causes produce the great Amazon of 
South America. 

The Mississippi is said to empty annually, on an aver- 
age, 19,500,000,000,000 of cubic feet of water into the 
ocean, and 812,500,000,000 pounds of silt into the Gulf. 

The depth of the oceans vary from 10,000 to 50,000 
feet; from Newfoundland to Ireland it is said to range 
from 10,000 to 15,000 feet, while further south it is much 
deeper. The true basin of the ocean is where the deep 
water begins; from the coast of New Jersey the slope 
runs out, it is said, 80 miles before striking the basin, 
with only one foot slope in every 700 feet of the distance. 

As we can know the purity of water, it has been taken 
as a standard for comparing the weights of all bodies in 
solid or liquid form. 

To find how much heavier or lighter a given substance 
is than water: — Divide the weight of the given bulk of 
substance by the weight of an equal bulk of vjater, and 
the quotient will be the specific gravity required. 

The specific gravity of the following solids and liq- 
uids, with pure water as the standard, are: 

Distilled water . . 1.000. Copper 8.870. 

Platinum 21.500. Iron 7.800. 

Gold 19.360. Marble 2.830 



A STORE OF KNOWLEDGE. 107 

Mercury 13.600. Anthracite coal 1.800. 

Lead 11.450. Alcohol 0.800. 

Silver 10.500. Ether 0.T20. 

A cubic foot of water weighs 62^ pounds avoirdupois, 
or exactly 1,000 ounces; hence, the specific gravity of 
gold, 19.360 multiplied by 1,000 ounces, equal 19,360, 
the number of ounces in one cubic foot of gold; so the 
number of ounces in a cubic foot of any of the solids or 
liquids may be obtained by multiplying the specific 
gravity by 1,000, the standard of comparison. 

It is estimated that a wire of lead one-twelfth of an 
inch in diameter, will sustain 27 pounds; of tin, 34 
pounds; of zinc, 109 pounds; of gold, 150 pounds; of 
silver, 187 pounds; of platinum, 274 pounds; of copper, 
300 pounds; of iron, 545 pounds; and that cords of the 
same diameter, of flax, 1,175 pounds; of hemp, 1,600 
pounds; of silk, 3,400. 

HEIGHT OF MOUNTAIN. 

Asia. 

Mount Everest, Himalaya Mountains, India, 29,000 feet. 
" Elburz, Caucasian " Kussia, 18,493 " 

Africa. 

Mount Killamand Jara, Mountain of Moon, 20,000 feet. 
" Abba Yared, Abyssinia 15,200 kt 

Europe. 

Mont Blanc, the Alps, Sardinia 15,750 feet. 

u Parnassus, Greece 8,000 " 

South America. 

Mount Tupungata, the Andes, Chili 22,450 feet. 

" Cotopaxi, Ecuador 18,875 " 



108 A STORE OF KNOWLEDGE. 

North America. 

Mount St. Elias, Coast Range, Russian Pos. 17,900 feet. 

" Hooker, Rocky Mts., British A 15,700 " 

Long's Peak, " " U. S. A. 13,575 " 

This table gives the highest peaks of mountains in the 
countries of the world; while the mean height is much 
less. Dr. Dana, in his work on geology, gives the follow- 
ing figures as estimated: " Of Europe, G70 feet; Asia, 
1,150 feet; North America, 748 feet; South America, 
1,132 feet ; Africa, probably, 1,600 feet; and further, 
that if the material in the Pyrenees was spread equally 
over Europe it would raise the surface only 6 feet; and 
that of the Alps only 22 feet." 



A STORE OF KNOWLEDGE. 



109 



GRAIN AND PRODUCE TABLE. 

Legal number of pounds to the bushel of articles in the following 

States: 



ARTICLES. 



Wheat 

Corn, shelled 

Corn, in ear 

Oats 

Barley 

Rye 

Buckwheat 

Broom Corn Seed 

White Beans 

Castor Beans 

Irish Potatoes 

Sweet Potatoes 

Turnips 

Onions 

Peas .__ 

Dried Peaches 

Dried Apples 

Corn Meal 

Bran 

Malt 

Hungarian Grass Seed 

Hemp Seed 

Flax Seed , 

Stone Coal 

Charcoal _ , 

Unslacked Lime 

Coarse Salt , 

Plastering Hair 

Clover Seed , 

Timothy Seed 

Red Top Seed 

Blue Grass Seed 



Ind. 


ill. 


Iowa 


Mo. 


Wis. 


Minn 


60 


60 


60 


60 


60 


60 


56 


56 


56 


56 


56 


56 


68 


70 


70 


70 


70 


70 


32 


32 


33 


35 


32 


32 


48 


48 


48 


48 


48 


48 


56 


56 


56 


56 


56 


56 


50 


52 


52 


52 


40 


52 


30 


30 


30 


30 


30 


30 


60 


60 


60 


60 


60 


60 


46 


46 


46 


46 


46 


46 


60 


60 


60 


60 


60 


60 


55 


55 


46 


55 


55 


50 


55 


55 


55 


55 


55 


57 


57 


57 


57 


57 


57 


57 


60 


60 


60 


60 


60 


60 


33 


28 


33 


33 


28 


28 


25 


54 


24 


24 


28 


28 


50 


48 


48 


48 


48 


50 


20 


20 


20 


20 


20 


20 


38 


38 


38 


38 


38 


38 


48 


48 


45 


48 


48 


45 


44 


44 


44 


44 


44 


44 


56 


56 


56 


56 


56 


56 


70 


80 


80 








22 


22 


22 


22 


22 


22 


80 


80 


80 


80 


80 


80 


50 


50 


50 


50 


50 


50 


8 


8 


8 


8 


8 


8 


60 


60 


60 


60 


60 


60 


45 


45 


45 




46 


45 


14 


14 


14 


14 


14 


14 


14 


14 


14 


14 


14 


14 



Kan. 

60 
56 
70 
32 
50 
56 
50 

60 
46 
60 
55 
55 
57 

33 

24 
50 
20 
32 
55 
44 
56 
80 

80 

~8 
60 
45 

14 



[From the American Almanac for 1681.] 

RELIGIOUS DIVISIONS OF THE WORLD. 

[Estimates from Schem's Statistics of the World.] 

(Roman Catholics 201,000,000 

Christians— viz. : 1 Protestants 106,000,000 [• 388,000,000 

( Eastern Churches 81,000,000 



Buddhists 340,000,000 

Mohammedans 201,000,000 

Brahminism 175,000,000 



Followers of Confucius. 80,000,000 

Sinto Religion 14,000,000 

Judaism 7,000,000 



110 



A STORE OF KNOWLEDGE. 





Whole 
Population. 


Roman 
Catholic. 


Protestants. 


Eastern 
Churches. 


America 


84,500,000 

301,600,000 

798,000,000 

203,300,000 

4,400,000 


47,200,090 

147,300,000 

4,700,000 

1,100,000 

400,000 


30,000,000 

71,800,000 

1,800,000 

1,200,000 

1,500,000 




Europe 


69,350,000 


Asia 


8,500,000 


Africa 


3,200,000 


Australia & Polynesia 








Total 


1,392,000,000 


201,200,000 


106,300,000 


81,050,000 



POPULATION OF THE UNITED STATES FROM 1790 TO 1880. 



1790 3,929,241 

1800 5,308,483 

1810 _ 7,239,881 

1810 9,633,822 

1830 12,866,020 



1840 17,069,453 1900 



1850 23,191,876 

1860 31,443,321 

1870 _. 38,558,371 

1880 ..50,152,554 

1890.... 



SCHEDULE OF UNITED STATES PATENT FEES. 

On filing each application for a Patent $15 

On issuing each Original Patent (17 years) 20 

On application for Re-issue 30 

On application for extension 50 

On granting every extension of Patent (7 years) 50 

On each Caveat 10 

On appeal to Examiners-in-Chief 10 

On appeal to Commissioner of Patents 20 

On filing a Disclaimer 10 

On application for Design (%% years) 10 

On application for Design (7 years). 15 

On application for Design (14 years) 30 

On each Trade-Mark (30 years) 25 

On each Label (28 years) 6 

Note. — By decision of the Supreme Court of the United States, 
rendered Nov. 17, 1879, the Trade-mark law of July 8, 1870, by which 
Trade-marks were for the first time recognized and protected by act 
of Congress, was declared unconstitutional. The registry of Trade- 
marks at the Patent Office is, however, continued to such as seek the 
benefit of a record, without regard to the ultimate validity of the right. 



A STOKE OF KNOWLEDGE. Ill 



TABLE COMPARING THE POPULATION OF FIFTY CITIES FOR 

1870 AND 1880. 18T 1S80. 

New York, N. Y 942,292 1,206,590 

Philadelphia, Pa 674,022 846,984 

Brooklyn, N.Y 396,009 566,689 

Chicago,Ill 298,977 503,304 

Boston, Mass - 250,526 362,535 

lit. Louis, Mo 310,864 350,522 

Baltimore, Md 267,354 332,190 

Cincinnati, Ohio. 216,239 255,708 

San Francisco, Cal 149,743 233,956 

New Orleans, La 191,418 216,140 

Cleveland, Ohio 92,829 160,142 

Pittsburg, Pa 86,076 156,381 

Buffalo, N.Y 117,714 155,137 

Washington, D. C 109,199 147,307 

Newark, N.J 105,059 136,400 

Louisville, Ky . 100,753 123,645 

Jersey City, N. J . 82,546 120,728 

Detroit, Mich 79,577 116,342 

Milwaukee, Wis _ - 71.440 115,578 

Providence, R. 1 68,904 104,850 

Albany, N.Y 69,422 90,903 

Rochester, N. Y 62,386 89,363 

Allegheny, Pa.. ... ...53,180 78,681 

Indianapolis, Ind 48,244 75,074 

Richmond, Va 51,018 63,803 

New Haven, Ct 50,840 62.882 

Lowell, Mass 40,928 59,485 

Worcester, Mass 41,105 58,295 

Troy, N.Y.... 40,463 56,747 

Kansas City, Mo 32,260 55,813 

Cambridge, Mass 39,634 52,740 

Syracuse, N. Y. 43,051 51,791 

Columbus, Ohio 31.274 51,665 

Paterson, N.J 33,579 50,887 

Toledo, Ohio. 31,584 50 143 

Charleston, S. C 48.956 49,999 

Fall River, Mass .... 26,766 49,006 

Minneapolis, Minn 13,066 46,887 

Scranton, Pa 35,092 45,850 

Nashville, Tenn 25,865 43,461 

Reading, Pa 33,630 43,280 

Hartford, Ct 37,180 42,553 

Wilmington, Del 30,841 42,499 

Camden, N.J 20,015 41,658 

St. Paul, Minn 20,030 41,498 

Lawrence. Mass 28,291 39,178 

Dayton, Ohio 30,473 38,677 

Lynn, Mass 28,233 38.284 

Denver,Col 4,759 35,640 

Oakland, Cal 10,500 34,556 



AMERICAN" INVENTORS. 

Benjamin Franklin was born in Boston, Massachu- 
setts, 1706; was the inventor of the lightning-rod ; died 
in 1790. 

Eli Whitney, born in Massachusetts 1765, and died 
1825; invented the cotton-gin, 1793. 

Robert Fulton, born in Pennsylvania 1765, died 1825; 
invented the steam-boat in 1793; in September, 1807, 
he ran the first steamboat, named the Clermont, from 
N"ew York to Albany on the Hudson River; constructed 
the first steam war vessels in 1814. 

J. Wood, born in New York 1774, died 1834; in- 
vented the cast-iron plow in 1814. 

Thomas Blanchard, born in Massachusetts 1788, died 
1864; invented the lathe and tack machines and con- 
structed the stern -wheel boat. 

Samuel Morse, born in Massachusetts 1791, died 
1872; invented the magnetic telegraph; in 1835 the first 
wire was put up, one-half a mile long; to-day the miles 
of wire will number 250,000. 

R. Winans, born in Maryland 1798; invented the 
pivoted, double-truck, long passenger coaches. 

Charles Goodyear, born in Connecticut 1800; in 1839, 
by experimenting, he discovered a process for the man- 
ufacture of india-rubber, mixing sulphur and white lead 
with the native gum; from this invention we get our 
rubber goods, hose, and belting for machinery. 

Cyrus McCormick, born in Virginia in 1809; in- 
vented the reaper in 1851. 

Elias Howe, born in Massachusetts 1819, died 
(112) 



A STORE OF KNOWLEDGE. 113 

1867; is the original inventor ot the sewing machine. 

James Eads, born 1820; constructed and built the 
steel bridge over the Mississippi River at St. Louis in 
1867; built many of the iron-proof steamers for the Gov- 
ernment during the War of the Rebellion. 

Cyrus W. Field, of New York, after spending mil- 
lions of money and twelve years' labor, succeeded on the 
third trial in connecting the two hemispheres by a coil 
of wire laid in- the bed of the ocean, the Atlantic cable, 
completed in 1866. Two years later the great Pacific 
Railroad was completed, a distance of two thousand 
miles, after six years' labor. 

" MIXTURUM COMPLICATUM." 

Frozen dew makes the frost 

Water boils at 212 deg. Fahrenheit. 

Sound travels 1,120 feet per second. 

Light moves 192,500 miles per second. 

A cannon ball travels 1,560 feet per second. 

A pigeon is said to fly 50 miles per hour. 

Electricity moves 288,000 miles per second. 

The earth moves in its orb 68,040 miles per hour. 

A rifle-ball flies at the rate of 1,000 miles an hour. 

Rain-water is considered the purest natural water. 

The air balloon was invented by a Frenchman — Mont- 
golfier— in 1782. 

Washington's expenses during the Revolutionary 
War were $74,485. 

The average weight for a horse to pull is estimated at 
1,600 pounds. 

The velocity of light was first determined by a Danish 
astronomer, Yon Roemer. 

The strength of an iron tube is greater than the same 
quantity made into a solid rod. 
8 



114 A STORE OF KNOWLEDGE. 

The influence of the heat of the sun is said to extend 
50 feet into the earth. 

The mean distance of the moon from the earth is 238,- 
793 miles; its mean diameter is 2,160 miles. 

The strength of a man is calculated to raise 10 pounds 
10 feet high per second for 10 hours a day. 

The light of the sim is estimated to be 300,000 times 
more intense than that of the moon. 

The first railroad in the United States was in Quincy, 
Massachusetts, completed in 1827. 

The greatest pyramid of Egypt is five hundred feet 
high, Herodotus says that it took 100,000 men twenty 
years to build it. 

Slight winds travel one mile per hour; moderate winds, 
7 miles; gales, 15 miles; high winds, 30 miles; storms, 50 
miles; hurricanes, from 80 to 100 miles. 

The strength of a horse is calculated to raise 33,000 
pounds one foot high in a minute; by this steam en- 
gines are reckoned to be so many " horse-power." 

It is said that Lord Rosse, of Ireland, constructed the 
largest telescope we have; it weighs four tons, is fifty 
feet long, and the diameter of the speculum is six feet. 

A German chemist is said to have produced an artificial 
cold of 166 deg. (Fahrenheit) below zero, and yet failed 
to freeze pure alcohol. How is it to-day, my friends? 

William Grier, of Pennsylvania, the original Garfield 
man, who " went it alone" in the Chicago Convention 
was tendered the place of Third Assistant Postmaster- 
General, April 20, 1881, but declined. 

The first clock in England was made in A. D. 1288, 
and was considered so great a piece of ingenuity that a 
high dignitaiy was paid to take care of it. 

In the Artesian wells of France,water rises from a depth 



A STORE OF KNOWLEDGE. 115 

of 1,800 feet, to several feet above the surface. It is said 
that a well in Paris pours out 14,000,000 gallons per day. 

Should two persons, one weighing 400 pounds, the 
other 100 pounds, fall from the same tower at the same 
moment, they would both strike the ground at the same 
instant. If you are any ways skeptical, try it. 

General John A. Dix, of New York, at the breaking 
out of the Kebellion, issued an order to an official in 
Louisiana: " If any man attempts to haul down the 
American flag, shoot him on the spot." 

Tides are caused by the attraction of the sun and 
moon; mostly by the latter. At each new moon the sun 
attracts in the same direction with the moon, when the 
tides are highest. The depths are also governed by sur- 
roundings. At St. Helena the tide rises to a depth of 3 
feet, in the British Channel as high as 60 feet; and the 
highest being in the Bay of Fundy, known to reach 70 feet. 

Each congressional district and territory in the Unit- 
ed States is entitled to one cadet at the military school 
at West Point, formerly named by the representative, 
but later, left to a board of examiners for competition. 
Applicants must be between the ages of 17 and 22, 
sound, and not less than five feet in height; are re- 
quired to serve the country four years after graduation. 

" On Arch Street, Philadelphia, there stands to-day a 
house, No. 239. In this house was made the first flag of 
'Stars and Stripes' by a Mrs. Ross ; consisted of seven red 
and six white stripes alternating,and thirteen stars, repre- 
senting the thirteen original states. It was intended 
that a stripe and star should be added whenever a new 
state was admitted into the Union, but in 1818 it was 
ordered by Congress that the flag should hereafter con- 
tain only thirteen stripes and that a star be added at the 
admission of each new state." 



116 



A STORE OF KNOWLEDGE. 



ENGLISH 

Born. Died. 

Addison, Joseph... .1672 1719 

Akenside, Mark..... 1721 1770 

Allison, Richard 

Arnold, Edwin 1831 

Arnold, Matthew 1822 

Barbauld, Anna (nee 

Aikin) 1743 1825 

Barham, Richard H . . 1788 1845 

Banes, William 1810 

Barnfield. Richard ..1574 1606 

Barton, B 1784 1849 

Baxter, Richard 1615 1691 

Blake, William 1757 1827 

Browning, Elizabeth 

Barrett 1805 1861 

Browning, Robert ....18 12 

Bulwer, Edward R... 1831 

Bulwer, Edward G.. 1805 1873 
Byron, Lord George 

Gordon.. 1788 1824 

Beaumont, Francis... 1586 1616 
Bloomfield. Robert.. 1766 1823 
Cowper, William.... 1731 1800 
Chatterton, Thomas.. 1752 1770 
Clough, Arthur H .... 18 1 9 186 1 
Coleridge, Sarn'l Tay- 
lor 1772 1834 

Collins, William 1720 1756 

Chaucer, Goeffrey.-.. 1328 1400 
Crowe, Catherine (nee 

Stevens) 1800 

Cook, Eliza * 1817 

Canning, George 1770 1827 

Caren, Thomas 1589 1639 

Carlyle, Thomas 1795 188 1 

Dickens, Charles ....18 12 1870 

Disraeli, Benjamin ..1805 1881 

Dryden, John 1631 1700 

Edgeworth, Maria ... 1767 1849 

Gray, Thomas 1716 1771 

Gibbon, Edward 1737 1794 

Hemans, Felicia (nee 

Browne) 1794 1835 

Herbert, George 1593 1632 

Hood, Thomas 1798 1845 

Ho witt, William 1795 

Hunt, Leigh 1784 1859 

Ingelow, Jean 1830 

Jonson, Ben 1574 1637 



1863 
1748 
1749 
1788 
1850 

* Eliza Cook composed the poem, "The Old Arm-Chair. " Caroline E. Norton com- 
posed the beautiful poem, "Bingen on the Rhine." 



AUTHORS. 

Born. 
Jones, Sir William ..1746 

Keats, John 1796 

King, Henry 1591 

Kingsley, Charles 1819 

Lamb, Charles 1775 

Lovelace,Richard 1618 

Macaulay,Lord Thom- 
as B. 1800 

Milton, John 1608 

Muloch, Dinah M 1826 

Mudford, William ..1782 
Norton, Caroline (nee 

Sheridan) 1808 

Nash, Thomas 1558 

Pope, Alexander 1688 

Proctor, Adelaide A. .1825 
Proctor, Bryan Walter 1787 
Raleigh, Sir Walter.. 1552 

Reade, Charles 1814 

Realf, Richard 1834 

Richardson, Samuel . . 1689 

Ruskin,John 1819 

Rogers, Samuel 1763 

Sedley, Sir Charles ..1631 
Shakspeare, William 1564 

Sharpe, R. S 1759 

Shelley, Percy B 1792 

Shirly , James 1594 

Sidney, Sir Philip.. .1554 

Skelton, John 1485 

Smith, Charlotte 1749 

Smith, Horace 1779 

South, James 1776 

Smith, Sidney 1771 

Southey, Caroline (nee 

Bowles) 1787 

Southey, Robert 1774 

Spencer, William R..1770 

Spencer, Edmund 1 553 

Sterne, Laurence 1713 

Stevens, George A. .1784 

Surrey, Lord 1516 

Tennyson, Alfred.... 1809 
Thackeray, Wm. Make- 
peace, b. Calcutta.. 1811 

Tompson, James 1700 

Watts, Isaac 1674 

Wesley, Charles ....1708 
Wordsworth/William 1770 



Died. 
1794 
1821 
1669 

1875 
1834 



1859 
1674 

1845 

1877 
1600 
1744 
1864 
1874 
1618 



1761 

1855 
1701 
1616 
1835 
1822 
1666 
1586 
1529 
1806 
1849 
1839 
1845 

1854 
1843 
1834 
1599 
1768 

1547 



A STORE OF KNOWLEDGE. 117 

Benjamin Disraeli, the Earl of Beaconsfield. was born 
m London, 1805, and died April 20, 1881. The public 
career of this man was a most remarkable one; few men 
seldom attain high and honored positions in life, whose 
views, as changeable as the winds, are shaped to suit the 
exigencies of the times; this was Disraeli; and his suc- 
cess must be attributed to accident backed with a .pow- 
erful genius. At the age of 22 he published his first 
novel, which embodied a display of wit and intellect 
that at once brought him into prominence. Three times 
he ran for a seat in Parliament and three times failed; 
the next time he succeeded. In a speech during a can- 
vass he said: 

" A statesman is the creature of his age, the child of 
circumstance, the creature of his times. A statesman 
is essentially a practical character, and when he is called 
upon to take office he is not to inquire what his opinions 
might or might not have been upon this or that subject; 
he is only to ascertain the needful and the beneficial, and 
the most feasible manner in which affairs are to be car- 
ried on. I laugh at the objection urged against a man 
that at a former period of his career he advocated a pol- 
icy different to his present one. All I seek to ascertain 
is whether his present policy be just, necessary, expedi- 
ent; w T hether at the present moment he is prepared to 
serve the country according to its present necessities." 

If this little argument must blot out of memory the 
inconsistency of man's previous actions and put him on 
a new footing, and some " Yankee " held the document 
on sale under a patent, would not the Royal Bloods of 
America respond liberally, and would not the coffers of 
the "Yankee" weigh heavily with gold? 

At the age of 32 he delivered his maiden speech in 



118 



A STORE OF KNOWLEDGE. 



the House of Commons; but through a noisy derision 
of the Whigs and embarrassment he failed, and upon 
taking his seat remarked: "I sit down now, but the 
time will come when you will hear me." About this 
time he told Lord Melbourne that he was going some 
day to be the Prime Minister of England. Ten years 
later he became the acknowledged leader of the great 
Conservative party of England, and by resignation of 
Gladstone in 1874, sure enough, became the Prime Min- 
ister of England, which position he held until his death. 
He was succeeded by Sir Stafford Northcote, or Lord 
Salisbury, May 9, 1881. 



SCOTCH 

Bom. Died. 

Aytoun, Sir Robert ..1570 1638 

Beattie, James 1735 1803 

Brown, John 1810 

Buchanan, Robert ...1841 

"Burns, Robe rt 1759 1796 

Campbell, Thomas . . .1777 1844 

Gatt, John 1779 1839 

Hume, David 1711 1776 

Hervey, Thomas K _ . 1779 1859 



AUTHORS. 








Born. 


Died. 


Hogg, James 


.1770 


1835 


Knox, William 


.1789 


1825 


Leydon, John 


.1775 


1811 


Mackenzie, Henry .. 


.1745 


1831 


Miller, Hugh 


.1802 


1856 


Montgomery, James 


.1771 


1854 


Scott, Sir Walter 


.1771 


1835 


Sterling, John 


..1806 


1844 


Wilson, John 


_1785 


1854 



IRISH AUTHORS. 



Born. Died. 

Bannin, John - 1798 1842 

Carleton, William ...1798 1869 

Davis, Thomas _ 1814 1845 

Dufferin, Lady '{nee 

Sheridan) 1807 1867 

Goldsmith, Oliver ...1728 1774 



Born. Died. 

Griffin, Gerald 1803 1840 

Lover, Samuel 1797 1868 

McCarthy, Dennis F.1810 

Moore, Thomas 1779 1852 

Wilde, Richard H . . . 1789 1847 

Wolfe, Charles 1719 1823 



AUTHORS. 

Born. Died. 

Angelo, Michel, Painter and Sculptor. Italy 1474 1563 

Frei-Ligrath, Ferdinand, Lyric Poet ..Germany 1810 1876 

Girardin, St. Marc, Journalist _ France 1801 1873 

Goethe, Johann W., Poet Germany 1749 1843 

Gambetta, Leon, Statesman France, 1838 



A STORE OF KNOWLEDGE. 



119 



Heine, Heinrich, Poet and Wit Germany 1799 1856 

Luther, Martin, Leader of the Protestant Refor- 
mation Germany 1483 1546 

McMahon, Marshal, President of the French 
Republic, 1873— 9 France 1808 

Ronsard, Pierre de, a Reformer of French 
Poetry _ France 1524 1585 

Schiller, Johann C, Poet.. .Germany 1759 1805 

Schelling, Friedrich, Philosopher Germany 1775 1854 

Theirs, Louis A., Historian, President French 
Republic, 1871-3.. France 1797 1877 

Francois P. Grevy, was born August 15, 1813 ; was elected in 1879 to 
the Presidency of the French Republic. 

AMERICAN AUTHORS. 



Born. Died. 

Aldrich, James 1810 1856 

Adams, John Quincy, 

Mass ...1767 1848 

Alger, William R, 

Mass 1823 

Allston, Washington, 

S. C 1779 1843 

Andros, Richard S. ..1800 1859 

Barlow, Joel 1755 1812 

Brown, Charles B 1771 1810 

Bryant, William Cul- 

len, Mass 1794 1878 

Bancroft, George 1800 

Baker, George H., Pa_1824 

Bolton , Sarah T., O. . . 

Brainard, John G., 

Conn 1796 1828 

Brooks, Charles T. 

Mass 1813 

Brooks, Maria, Mass. 1795 1845 

Brownell, Henry P... 1324 

Bryant, John H., Mass 1807 

Channing,WilliamE.1780 1842 
Cooper, James Fenni- 

more, N.J... 1789 1851 

Carey, Alice, O 1820 

Carmichael, Sarah E. 

Curtis, George W., 

R.I .1824 

Clark, George H 

Cooke, Philip P., Va.1816 1850 

Cutter, George W 

D wight, Timothy 1752 1817 



Born. 
Dana, Richard Henry, 
Mass 1787 

Drake, Joseph R., 

N. Y. 1795 

Davis, Rebecca H. 

( /^Harding), W.Va. 

Dwight, John S 1813 

Eastmau, Charles G., 

Me....' ...1816 

Emerson, Ralph 

Waldo, Mass 1803 

Edwards, Jonathan ..1703 
Franklin, Benjamin .1706 

Freneau, Philip 1752 

Forrest, John W. De, 

Conn.. ....1826 

Finch, Francis Miles, 

N. Y 1827 

Fenner, Cornelius G.1822 
Fields, James T., 

N. H 1820 

Fosdick, William W., 

Ohio 1822 

Glazier, William B., 

Me 1827 

Gould, Hannah F., Vt. 

Hopkinson, Francis.. 1738 
Hawthorne,Nathaniel 1804 
Holmes, Oliver Wen- 
dell, Mass 1809 

Hale, Nathan, Conn.. 1755 
Hale, Edward Everett, 

Mass.. 1822 



Died. 
1879 
1820 

1861 



1758 
1790 
1832 



1847 



1791 
1864 



1776 



120 



A STORE OF KNOWLEDGE. 



Born. Died. 

Halleck, Fitz-Greene, 

Conn 1790 1867 

Harte, Bret, N. Y. . . . 1 839 

Hoffman, Charles T., 

N. Y -.1806 

Howells, William D., 

O 1837 

Hay, John, O 1840 

Hill, Thomas, N. J...1818 

Hillhouse, James A., 

Conn .1789 1841 

Holland, Josiah G., 

Mass 1819 

Howe, Julia Ward, 

N.Y 1819 

Hoyt, Ralph 

Irving, Washington.. 1783 1859 
Judson, Emily C. {nee 

Chabbuck), N. Y...1817 1854 

Kinney, Coates, N. Y. 1826 

Key, Francis Scott, 

Md ..1779 1843 

Longfellow, Henry 

Wadsworth, Me... .1807 

Lowell, James Russell, 

. Mass 1819 

Lowell, Robert T., 

Mass 1816 

Ludlow, Fitz-Hugh, 

N. Y 1837 1870 

Lowell, Maria W., 

Mass 1821 1853 

Motley, John Lothrop 1814 1877 
Melville, Herman, 

N. Y 1819 

Mitchell, Donald G-., 

Conn 1822 

Messenger, Robert H., 

Mass 1807 

Moore, Clement C, 

N.Y.... 1779 1852 

Morris, George P., 

Pa ..1802 1864 

Muhlenberg, William 

A, N.Y 

Neal, John, Me 1793 

Osgood, Francis S., 

Mass 1812 1850 

Osgood, Kate Putnam, 

Me..... 1843 



Bom. Died. 
O'Hara,Theodore,Ky.l820 1867 
O'Connor, William 1)., 

Mass. 1833 

Paulding, James 

Kirke 1779 1860 

Prescott, William H..1796 1859 
Poe, Edgar Allan, Md.1809 1849 
Parsons, Thomas W., 

Mass 1819 

Phelps, Elizabeth 

Stuart, Mass 1844 

Pierrepont, John, 

Conn 1785 1866 

Pinkney, Edward C, 

Md 1802 1828 

Palmer, John W., Md.1825 — 
Palmer, William Pitt, 

Mass ..1805 

Payne, John Howard, 

N.Y 1792 1852 

Percy, Florence, Me.. 1832 

Priest, Nancy A 1834 1870 

Read, Thomas Bu- 
chanan, Pa 1822 1872 

Ridpath, John C, Ind.1840 

Randolph, Anson D., 

N.Y 

Ravmond, Rossiter W., 

O .....1840 

Saxe, John G., Vt 1816 

Sigourney, Lydia H..1791 1865 
Simmons, William G., 

S. C 1806 — 

Spencer, Caroline S., 

N.Y 1850 

Sprague, Charles, 

Mass 1791 

Stedman, Edmund C, 

Conn 1833 

Stoddard, Richard H., 

Mass 1825 

Spofford, Harriet P. 

{nee Prescott), Me. _ _ 1835 

Story, William W., 

Mass 1819 

Stowe, Harriet Beecher, 

Conn 1812 

Tappan, William B., 

Mass 1794 

Taylor, Bayard, Pa.. .1825 1878 



A STORE OF KNOWLEDGE. 



121 



Born. Died. 

Taylor, Benjamin F. 

N. Y 1822 

Tilton. Theodore, 

N. Y 1835 

Trowbridge, John T., 

N. Y ...1827 

Tuckerman, Henry T., 

Mass 1813 

Trumbull, John 1750 1831 

Timrod, Henry, S. C. 1829 1867 

Very, Jones, Mass 1813 

Wakefield, Nancy P. 

(nee Priest), N. H..1837 1870 



Born. Died. 

Walker, Elizabeth A., ' 

(nee Child), Vt 

Whittier, John Green- 
leaf, Mass. 1807 

Willis, Nathaniel P., 
Me 1807 1867 

Winslow, Harriet.. ..1824 

Woodworth, Samuel, 
Mass 1785 1842 

Wilkinson, William C, 
Vt. 1833 

Winthrop, Theodore, 

Conn 1828 1861 



Francis Bret Harte, author of poem " The Heathen Chinee " 

Francis Scott Key, " " " " Star Spangled Banner." 

Samuel Woodsworth, " " " " Old Oaken Bucket." 

Thomas Buchanan Reed, " " " «« Sheridan's Ride." 



THE HUMAN RACE. 

The origin of the human race is said to have begun 
its existence in Asia, probably in the fertile valley of 
the Euphrates River. Many ages passed away dur- 
ing the dispersion of the people over the world, and 
to-day finds it inhabited in almost every section by peo- 
ple of various colors, customs, manners and habits of 
life. For distinction they have been classified into five 
varieties: The Caucasian, Ethiopian, Mongolian, Amer- 
ican and Malay. The Caucasian stands at the head, 
including all the highly civilized nations of Europe and 
America — more conspicuous in arts, science and litera- 
ture than any other race. To the Ethiopian class belongs 
the black man; to the Mongolian variety, the Chinese; 
with the American variety is classified the Indian or red 
man; while to the Malay belongs that class of people 
who inhabit the islands of the sea in the Indian and 
Pacific Oceans. Much has been written concerning the 
national difference of the races; many authors ascribe 
it to the climate, customs and surroundings, while there 



122 A STORE OF KNOWLEDGE. 

are some who consider the difference too great for a 
common origin, and hold that there were as many differ- 
ent pairs created in different localities by the Almighty 
as there are varieties. Among the writers of this class 
we find the eminent and no less distinguished natural- 
ist, Professor Agassiz, of our time. He draws an anal- 
ogy between the variety of animals and the races of 
men, claiming that there are zoological provinces for the 
different races of man, as there are for the different 
varieties of animals, and that the races, like animals, 
were separately created in their respective provinces; he 
discards the idea that animals were created in one part 
and then distributed; in support of his argument he 
remarks: 

" How could the polar animals, have migrated over the 
warmer tracts of land, which they would have to cross? 
for it is impossible now to keep them alive under such 
circumstances with the greatest precautions. And far- 
ther, some animals of the same species, sometimes pre- 
senting varieties and sometimes not, are found in differ- 
ent localities which are so cut off from all communication 
with each other that it is impossible that these animals 
could migrate from some one locality to all the rest. To 
assume that the geographical distribution of such ani- 
mals, inhabiting zoological districts entirely disconnected 
with each other, is to be ascribed to physical causes, that 
these animals have been transported, and, especially, 
that the fishes which live in fresh water basins have 
been transported from place to place — to suppose that 
perches, pickerels, trouts and so many other species 
found in almost every brook and every river of the tem- 
perate zone, have been transported from one basin into 
another by freshets or by water birds — is to assume very 



A STOKE OF KNOWLEDGE. L23 

inadequate and accidental causes for general, phenom- 
ena. Not Only then were different species of animals cre- 
ated originally in different localities, but it is also true, 
to a considerable extent, that animals of the same spe- 
cies, occupying different localities, were created in those 
localities." So he claims, in reference to the races, 
" there must have been, as in the case of animals, differ- 
ent original creations in the different zoological prov- 
inces," and holds that the history of Genesis refers to 
only one branch of the human family; but as the object 
of this work is to give facts, figures and views, without 
stopping to discuss the merits or demerits, we rest the 
question here. 

THE ORIGIN OF SPOKEN AND WRITTEN LANGUAGE 

It is claimed by quite a number of our best writers 
that spoken language is a divine gift from on high, while 
some maintain that man invented it for his own use. 
Among the advocates of the latter doctrine we find 
ancient writers like Horace, Cicero and Pliny; these 
authors claim that man reached his high, enlightened 
state by mere gradation; first, a rude, wandering, illit- 
erate people, sensible of nothing but hunger and pain, 
communicating with each other after the manner of 
beasts. Lord Monboddo, a Scotch philosopher, claims 
that man at a very early time only used a few monosyl- 
lables in communicating with his fellowman, and con- 
siders man but a higher species of monkey. While this 
notion seems most absurd, as well as ridiculous, our 
observations of some specimens of humanity almost 
compel us to award a few grains of truth to his theory 
without further argument. From the Scriptures it is 
evident that Adam and Eve used a spoken language, 



124 A STORE OF KNOWLEDGE. 

hence the evidence seems conclusive that it is a divine 
institution. Probably it was an elementary language 
given to man for immediate use, which time, necessity 
and practice would greatly improve. In proof of this 
we find that such has been the case in the history of all 
nations; at first very imperfect and defective, but grad- 
ually improving as the races advanced to a higher state 
of civilization. Several centuries passed away, when 
man began to realize the necessity of a written language, 
that he might communicate with his friends at a dis- 
tance. The first attempt was the introduction of the 
Ideographic system, which conveyed thoughts by the 
means of pictures; the hieroglyphics were a species of 
this system. An improvement followed in the Verbal 
system, in which characters were used to represent an 
object. The Chinese language, it is said, is written in 
this system. Next followed the Syllabic system, which 
employs a character to represent each syllable, but this, 
too, proved cumbersome, and was superseded by the 
Alphabetic system. This quite met the wants of man. 
By a combination of letters and syllables, words are 
formed that enable him to express abstract ideas, as well 
as material objects; to describe the various shades of 
thought and every emotion of the mind. It is claimed 
on good authority that the Phoenicians were the invent- 
ors of letters and first introduced them into Greece. 

From the Greek alphabet is derived the Latin; from 
the Latin comes the English*; the English contains 26 
letters; the Latin, 25; the French, 23; the Spanish, 27; 
the Russian, 41; the Hebrew, 22; the Italian, 20; the 
Persian, 32; the Sanscrit, 50; the Turkish, 33; the Ger- 
man, 26, etc. 

* The letter w was added to the English, which did not appear in 
the Latin. 



A STOKE OF KNOWLEDGE. 125 



ORIGIN OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE. 

In the land of England we find the origin of our lan- 
guage — now spoken by the most powerful people of all 
the human race. The earliest inhabitants of the British 
Islands of which we have any authentic account were a 
branch of the Celtic race— a rude, savage and uncivil- 
ized people. In the year 55 B. C, the Roman army, 
under Julius Csesar, invaded the land of the Britons, 
conquered and subdued the Celts in the southern part 
of the Island (England) and introduced the language, 
customs and manners of Rome; a great portion of the 
Celts fled to Wales, Ireland and the mountains of Scot- 
land. Those who remained accepted the situation and 
during four hundred years, under the subjugation of 
Rome, acquired some little degree of civilization and 
became a Latin-speaking people. At the beginning of 
the fifth century, when the barbarous Huns and Lom- 
bards began an invasion of Italy, which necessarily called 
the Roman troops home, the Roman-Britons were left 
defenseless. The Celts in the northern portions of the 
country, whither they had been driven by the Romans, 
sought this opportunity to regain their lost lands, and 
were fast accomplishing their designs when the Germans 
of Scandinavia, (Norway and Sweden) came to the res- 
cue; they came, some authors say, by invitation of the 
Britons in the time of peril; others, that they only 
wished to take advantage of the absence of the Roman 
army, and under pretense of assisting the Romanized 
Britons, to drive out the Celts, then swallow the Britons 
and take the land for themselves. This latter version is 
probably the correct one, as these Germans, or Saxons, 
as they were known to the Britons, were considered the 



126- A STOEE OF KNOWLEDGE. 

most fearless and renowned sea-navigators of their age, 
and gloried in fight, especially when plunder and booty 
were coupled to the glory. These German invasions con- 
tinued until they had wrested all southern Britain from 
the Celts and driven them back into the northern regions 
— and this time to stay. Now it was that the Latin- 
Celtic language was supplanted by the Saxon tongue, 
which forms the true basis of our English language. 
The Angles and Frisians were contemporary settlers with 
these Saxons; hence the term Anglo-Saxon, and England 
is said to have derived its name from the Angles. The 
Saxons held to this language in all its purity for about 
six hundred years, when Britain was invaded by the 
Normans in 1066. The result of this conquest was the 
introduction of some five thousand new words and a 
modification of the Saxon vernacular. William, the 
Duke of Normandy, was now on the English throne; 
he set to work to wipe out the Anglo-Saxon and put in 
its stead the French language. All appointments were 
filled by the most learned Frenchmen, and the school- 
boys and girls required to translate their Latin lessons 
into French, ignoring, as far as possible, the Anglo- 
Saxon. Notwithstanding the endeavors of King Wil- 
liam and his successors, the masses held to the Saxon 
tongue; so, for two hundred years of Norman suprem- 
acy, two distinct languages were spoken in the island, 
the Anglo-Saxon and the Norman-French. Dr. Smith, 
of London, in his work on the origin of the English 
language, says: "The most important change which 
converted the Anglo Saxon into Old English, and which 
consists chiefly in the substitution of the vowel e for the 
different inflections, was not due in any considerable 
degree to the Norman conquest, though it was probably 



A STORE OF KNOWLEDGE. 127 

hastened by that event. It commenced even before the 
Norman conquest, and was owing to the same causes 
which led to similar changes in the kindred German dia- 
lects. The large introduction of French words into 
English dates from the time when the Normans began 
to speak the language of the conquered race. It is, 
however, an error to represent the English language as 
springing from a mixture of Anglo-Saxon and French; 
since a mixed language, in the strict sense of the term, 
may be pronounced an impossibility. The English still 
remained essentially a German tongue, though it received 
such large accessions of French words as materially to 
change its character. To fix with precision the date 
when this change took place is manifestly an impossible 
task. It was a gradual process, and must have advanced 
with more or less rapidity in different parts of the coun- 
try. In remote and less frequented districts the mass 
of the population long preserved their pure Saxon 
speech." 

In his Work: " An Introduction to the Literature of 
Europe" Henry Hallam says: " Nothing can be more 
difficult than to determine, except by an arbitrary line, the 
commencement of the English language; not so much, 
as in those of the Continent, because we are in want of 
materials, but rather from an opposite reason — the pos- 
sibility of tracing a very gradual succession of verbal 
changes, that ended in a change of denomination. For 
when we compare the earliest English of the thirteenth 
century with the Anglo-Saxon of the twelfth, it seems 
hard to pronounce why it should pass for a separate lan- 
guage, rather than a modification of the former. We 
must conform, however, to usage, and say that Anglo- 
Saxon was converted into English: 1. By contracting or 



128 A STORE OF KNOWLEDGE. 

otherwise modifying the pronunciation and orthography 
of words; 2. By omitting many inflections, especially 
of the noun, and consequently making more use of arti- 
cles and auxiliaries; and, 3. By the introduction of 
French derivatives.'' 

The reader should bear in mind that the English, at 
the beginning of the fourteenth century, was quite dif- 
ferent from the English of our present day, as the fol- 
lowing verses from Chaucer will show: 

" The sleer of himself yet saugh I there, 
His herte-blood hath bathed al his here; 
The nayl y-dryve in the shode a-nyght; 
The colde deth, with mouth gapyng upright." 

Standard authors have put the alterations in the lan- 
guage under the following epochs: 

I. Anglo-Saxon, from A. D. 450 — 1150. 
II. Semi-Saxon, from A. D. 1150—1250. 

III. Old English, from A. D. 1250—1350. 

IV. Middle English, from A. D. 1350—1550. 

V. Modem English, from A. D. 1550 to the present 
time. 

The history of English literature really dates its ori- 
gin with Chaucer. 

There are now over forty thousand words in our lan- 
guage; twenty-three thousand are said to come from the 
Saxons, five thousand from the Norman French, and the 
remainder mostly from Latin; some from Greek, mod- 
ern French and various other dialects. 

An analysis of Scriptural passages and different works 
of standard authors shows the following result: Twenty- 
eight twenty-ninths of the Bible to be pure Saxon; seven- 
eighths of Milton; five-sixths of Shakspeare; four- 
fifths of Addison, and two-thirds of Pope and Hume. 



A STORE OF KNOWLEDGE. 129 

ENGLISH AUTHORS. 

Geoffrey Chaucer, the first English Poet, was born 
in England in 1328, and died in October, 1400 A. D. 
From his Canterbury Pilgrims we extract a specimen 
of his poetry: 

"A good man there was of religion, 

That was a poor Paksone of a town ; 

But rich he was in holy thought and work, 

He was also a learned man, a clerk, 

That Christ's gospel truly would preach. 

His parishens devoutly would he teach, 

Benigne he was and wondrous diligent, 

And in adversity full patient : 

And such he was yproved often times ; 

Full loth were he to cursen for his tithes, 

But rather would he given, out of doubt, 

Unto his poor parishioners about, 

Of his offering, and eke of his substance ; 

He could in little thing have suffisance. 

Wide was his parish, and houses far asunder, 

But he nor felt nor thought of rain or thunder, 

In sickness and in mischief to visit 

The farthest in his parish, much and oft, 

Upon his feet, and in his hand a staff. 

This noble ensample to his sheep he gave: 

That first he wrought, and afterward he taught, 

Out of the gospel he the words caught, 

And this figure he added yet thereto, 

That if gold rust, what should iron do ? 

And if a priest be foul, on whom we trust, 

No wonder if a common man do rust; 

Well ought a priest ensample for to give, 

By his cleanness, how his sheep should live." 

Sir John De Mandeville, England, 1300—1371: 
He left England in 1322 and traveled in Persia, Egypt, 
Palestine and other Eastern countries. An account of 
his travels was published and dedicated to Edward 



130 A STOKE OF KNOWLEDGE. 

III. in 1356; this is said to be the first English prose 
book published. 

Edmund Spencer was born in England in 1553; died 
in 1599; was educated at Cambridge University, and is 
the poet of poets between the days of Chaucer and the 
advent of Shakspeare. His Faery Queen is considered 
his best production. 

Sir Philip Sidney, born in England in 1554, died in 
1586. Dr. Smith says of him: " The jewel of the court, 
the darling of the people, and the liberal and judicious 
patron of arts and letters, his early and heroic death gave 
the crowning grace to a consummate character." He 
died of a wound received in battle while aiding the 
Protestants of the Netherlands in their struggle against 
the Spaniards. 

Sir Walter Raleigh was born in England 1552 and 
died in 1618; brave, generous, courteous, and talented > 
he won the esteem of queen Elizabeth which he long 
maintained. In 1583, under commission of the queen, 
sent out his first expedition to colonize America. This 
proved a failure. Two or three others followed, and, like 
the first, were unsuccessful. After the death of the 
queen, James the sixth of Scotland ascended the throne 
in 1603, and became James the first of England, when 
England and Scotland were united under the name of 
Great Britain. Ireland included in 1801. 

Sir Walter Raleigh, without positive proof, was ac- 
cused of trying to seat Lady Arabella Stuart on the 
throne, whereof James had him imprisoned for twelve 
years under sentence of death, which was carried into 
execution in 1618; during his imprisonment he wrote a 



A STOKE OF KNOWLEDGE 131 

History of the World, and the night before his execu- 
tion composed the following verses: 

E'en such is time; which takes on trust . 
Our youth, our joys, our all we have, 
And pays us but with earth and dust ; 
Which in the dark and silent grave, 
When we have wandered all our ways, 
Shuts up the story of our days : 
But from this earth, this grave, this dust, 
My God shall raise me up I trust. 

Francis Bacon was born in England 1561 and died in 
1626. He assumed the task to learn his jjeople how to 
philosophize rather than to teach Philosophy. Long 
before Aristotle, Logic was employed by a class of 
Logicians who styled themselves Sophists. About the 
year 400 B. C, in the days of Plato and Socrates, were 
the youths of Greece trained by these false teachers who 
put lies in the place of truth and by their assumed wis- 
dom founded upon fallacies and sophisms, appeared to 
convert truth into error. Socrates came with his prac- 
tical Philosophy — " Know thyself" — which he taught 
in the public streets and upon the highways until he 
had exposed and silenced the whole school of Sophists. 
His art of reasoning was founded upon "Common 
Sense," whether or not he brought " his Philosophy 
from Heaven to Earth " as Cicero declares. Aristotle 
following in the same vein of Plato and Socrates, with 
the addition of new rules and principles, framed and 
founded the inductive and deductive system of Logic 
that has become the universally accepted principle of 
reasoning. " He drew," says Dr. Coppee, " the true and 
somewhat nice distinction between Logic and Rhetoric, 
and established the fact (a fact not yet learned by many 
who call themselves logicians) that Logic is not con- 
cerned with the truth of propositions, but only with the 



132 A STORE OF KNOWLEDGE. 

reasoning upon such propositions as are given into its 
charge. If the premises be true, then Logic will give a 
true conclusion; but if the premises he false, Logic 
gives a false conclusion; but in this latter case the Logic 
is as good, and the argument as valid, as in the former." 
Since deduction proceeded from a general law to par- 
ticular instances, Lord Bacon discarded the syllogism 
and applied induction as the new Logic of experimental 
Philosophy. " The starting point of Bacon's Philo- 
sophy," says Coppee, tc was the assertion that the uni- 
verse is a great store-house of facts; and that it is man's 
duty and interest, and it ought to be his pleasure, to ex- 
plore, discover and understand these facts, not only in 
their isolated characters, but in their relations to each 
other and to the universe itself. His experiments and 
his use of the experiments of others, was to enable him 
to arrive at general laws of the universe. Now, corre- 
sponding with the world around us, that is, the world of 
Nature, there is a world within us, — the world of 
Thought. Let either be impaired or cease to exist, and 
in just such a proportion is the other impaired or does 
it cease to exist. To unite them we have sensation and 
perception, and the union is lost if sensation and 
perception fail. The happy union, then, of Thought 
and Nature would lead man to Truth, and to attain 
to truth is his highest aim. The various forms which 
truth assumes to inspire the faculties and entice the 
pursuits of men, are called sciences, and by an examina- 
tion of multitudes of these phenomenal facts, the true 
definitions of the sciences might be made, their true 
relations determined, and a plan of classification formed 
for practical purposes. Such then, briefly, was the aim 
of the new experimental Philosophy proposed by Bacon 



A STORE OF KNOWLEDGE. 133 

in his Instauratio Magna. "With it directly, Logic 
had but little to do; but that little led men of science 
into errors, which remain to the present day," 

THE DRAMA. 

The first dawn of our drama dates its origin just after 
the Norman Conquest, about 1100 A. D. That these 
theatrical plays were introduced by the French imme- 
diately after their conquest of Britain, there remains no 
doubt, since one of the earliest plays, that of St. Cath- 
erine, was performed in 1119 A. D. and acted in French. 
These plays consisted of Mysteries or Miracles, and 
were used by the clergy as a means of imparting re- 
ligious instruction to the ignorant and uneducated laity 
of the twelfth century; they existed until the end of the 
fourteenth century, when they were superseded by a 
class' of plays entitled a Morality. When civilization 
and learning began to spread among the masses, and it 
became known that somebody else knew something be- 
sides the preachers, the clergy who heretofore had mo- 
nopolized the advantages of knowledge, were now fast 
losing their hold on the populace. While these dra- 
matic representations were not divested entirely of a re- 
ligious character, yet they partook more of a worldly 
spirit and portrayed a general expression of humanity; 
next came the farcical plays known as Interludes, which, 
at the beginning of the reformation, were acted upon 
the stage by the advocates of both religious sects — the 
Catholics and Lutherites — each ridiculing the doctrines 
of the other, or, by a common expression of the nine- 
teenth century, " throwing dirt at each other." 

About the middle of the sixteenth century dramatic 
plays were divided into two classes-Comedy and Tragedy. 



134 A STORE OF KNOWLEDGE. 

These compositions were written and performed mostly 
by students of the universities on certain occasions or fes- 
tivities of the kings. The first comedy in our language 
was a play entitled, " Ealph Eoyster Doyster," performed 
in London 1551; concerning this play Dr. Smith says: 
" The principal characters are a rich and pretty widow, her 
lover, and several suitors, the chief of whom is the foolish 
personage who gives the title to the play. This ridicu- 
lous pretender to gayety and love, a young heir just put 
into possession of his fortune, is surrounded by a num- 
ber of intriguers and flatterers who pretend to be his 
friends, and who lead their dupe into all sorts of absurd 
and humiliating scrapes; and the.piece ends with the re- 
turn of the favored lover from a voyage which he had 
undertaken in a momentary pique. The manners repre- 
sented are those of the middle class of the period, and 
the picture given of London citizen life in the middle of 
the sixteenth century is curious, animated and natural." 
One of the earliest plays in tragedy was entitled, Fer- 
rex and Porrex, written in blank verse, by Thomas 
Sackville, Lord Buckhurst and Thomas Norton, and 
performed in 1562 in the presence of queen Elizabeth. 

William Shakspeare was born in the town of Strat- 
ford-on-Avon, Warwickshire, England, April 23, 1564; 
and died April 23d, 1616, at the age of 52 years. 

Of his early education but little is known. As his 
father and mother were neither able to write, it is quite 
certain that he received no instruction from this source; 
but as there existed a "free grammar school" in Strat- 
ford, established for the education of the poor, it is quite 
likely that William attended this school and stored 
away such elementary instruction as it afforded. 

At the age of twenty-two he resolved to leave his 



A STOEE OF KNOWLEDGE. 135 

native home, and enter a theatrical life in London ; at 
the age of twenty -five he took stock in the company of 
the Globe — the first theatre in London; this company 
was composed of fifteen shareholders, and Shakspeare's 
name was the eleventh on the list. Shakspeare re- 
mained with the Globe company as an actor and share- 
holder for twenty-five years, and during that time wrote 
the greatest dramas of his life, and was recognized as 
the most powerful genius, of all dramatic poets. 

The Globe was a paying investment, as Shakspeare 
had purchased one hundred and seven acres of land with 
his earnings, besides his New Place in Stratford, which 
landed estate he had purchased in 1597, and fitted up 
anew, whither he retired from the turmoils of the stage 
in 1611, to pass the sunny side of life in ease and quiet 
repose. 

The works of Shakspeare are classified into History 
and Miction. 

Ben Jonson is ranked next to Shakspeare as a writer 
of dramas, was educated at Cambridge, produced his 
first dramatic composition in 1596; was the author of 
many plays and numerous works ; by request was bu- 
ried in a vertical position in the churchyard of West- 
minster. 

John Milton was born in London, December 9th, 
1608, and died November 8th, 1674. 

His literary career towers in grandeur above the poets 
of any age or nation; with unparalleled fertility of con- 
ception, in natural beauty and purity of sentiment, his 
sublimest poems Paradise Lost and Paradise Regained 
stand without a peer in all the literature of England. 

John Dryden, born in 1631, died in 1700; was the 
author of many dramas, poems and prose works. 



136 A STORE OF KNOWLEDGE. 

John Bunyan, born in 1628, died in 1688; was a 
great writer of parables. Extremely pious, he iden- 
tified himself with the Baptists; as this sect was op- 
posed to the church of England at the time of the Res- 
toration, the crown severely persecuted many of the 
leaders ; among them was Bunyan, whom they impris- 
oned for twelve years, during which time he composed 
his allegory, the Pilgrim's Progress. Upon the acces- 
sion of James II. to the throne of England he was 
released, and became a leader in his adopted church. 

Alexander Pope, born in London 1688, died 1744. 
He began his literary career at the age of sixteen, wrote 
much and long, and had acquired considerable notoriety 
as a literary genius under the reign of queen Anne. 

Joseph Addison, born 1672, died 1719. A new and 
different method of diffusing knowledge or literary 
•efforts was brought about by Sir Richard Steele, in con- 
junction with whom Addison acted. They introduced 
periodicals which contained, in addition to their studied 
literature, the news items of the day. This new feature 
at once gave their periodicals a wonderful patronage. 
Steele was the founder of the tri-weekly Tatler in 1709, 
to which Addison was the constant contributor. In the 
year 1711 Addison and Steele issued the first copy of 
The Spectator, ^"ow began the rise of journalism. 

Daniel Defoe, born in 1661, died 1731. Like Bun- 
yan, he was an ardent supporter of the dissenting sect, 
clinging fervently to the principles of constitutional 
liberty and advocating the principles of Protestantism 
so strenuously as to bring him not only into disfavor 
with the government, but his own life into jeopardy. 
He is considered the founder of the English Novel; is 
the author of Robinson Crusoe. 



A STORE OF KNOWLEDGE. 137 

Sir William Blackstone, born in London 1723, died 
in 1780. His Commentaries on the Laws of England 
have ever been, and are to-day, considered the basis 
for all legal erudition. 

Robert Burns, Scotland's greatest poet, was born in 
1759, and died in the year 1796. Among his best pro- 
ductions appears the "Cotter's Saturday Night." His 
works are satirical, descriptive, and lyric. Like Cowper 
and many other distinguished poets, he was given to 
dissipation, and died in the beginning of true greatness. 

" Gie fools their silks and knaves their wine, — 
A man's a man for a' that." 

In the role of romantic writers appear none more 
magnificent than Sir Walter Scott, who was born 
1771 and died 1832; he produced some historical works, 
wrote the biographies of Dryden, Napoleon and others. 
The greatest work of this master genius was the pro- 
duction of the u Waverly Novels," which form an 
epoch in the history of modern literature. 

"Richard Waverly had a facility in making long, 
dull speeches, consisting of truisms and common-places, 
hashed up with a technical jargon of office, which pre- 
vented the inanity (emptiness) of his orations from being 
discovered, and thus established the character of a pro- 
found politician." 

" The seat of the muse is in the mist of the secret and 
solitary hill and her voice in the murmur of the moun- 
tain stream. He who wooes her must love the barren 
rock more than the fertile valley, and the solitude of the 
desert better than the festivity of the hall." — Waverly. 

" Upon the eve of battle the western sky twinkled 
with stars, but a frost mist rising from the ocean covered 



138 A STORE OF KNOWLEDGE. 

the eastern horizon, and rolled in white wreaths along 
the plain where the adverse army lay couched upon 
their arms ; their camp-fires gleamed with an obscure 
and hazy lustre through the heavy fog which encircled 
them with a doubtful halo." — Waverly. 

" Better a fool at a feast than a wise man at a fray." — 
Ivanhoe. 

" I know not where the trick lies; but although I can 
enter an ordinary with as much audacity — rebuke the 
waiters and drawers as roundly, drink as deep a health, 
swear as round an oath, and fling my gold as freely 
about as any of the jingling spurs and white feathers 
that are around me, — yet hang me if I can ever catch 
the true grace of it, though I have practiced it an hun- 
dred times." — Kenilworth. 

" Impudence is a commodity we must carry through 
the world with us; — I tell you my own stock of assur- 
ance was too small to trade upon; I. was fain to take in 
a ton or two more of brass at every port where I touched 
in the voyage of life; and I started overboard what 
modesty and scruples I had remaining, in order to make 
room for the storage." — Kenilworth. 



A STOKE OF KNOWLEDGE. 



139 



UNIVERSITIES AND COLLEGES IN THE UNITED STATES IN 1879 
[From the American Almanac for 1881.] 





No. of 
Colleges. 


Preparatory 
Department. 


Collegiate 
Department. 


States and 
Territories. 


No. of 
Instruc- 
tors. 


No. of 
Students. 


No. of 
Instruc- 
tors. 


No. of 
Students. 


Alabama 


4 
5 

12 
2 
3 
1 
7 

29 

15 

19 
8 

14 
7 
3 
9 
7 
9 
5 
4 

15 
4 
1 
1 
4 

29 
8 

36 
8 

28 
1 
7 

21 

10 
2 
7 
4 
8 
4 
1 
2 


2 
20 
27 

2 
....... 

8 
91 
30 
34 

9 

12 
13 


108 

596 

1,295 

70 

56" 

278 

2,833 

1,624 

1,635 

699 

614 

509 


55 
38 

160 
13 

130 

7 

47 

209 

118 

133 
62 

116 
36 
36 

113 

145 

112 
55 
27 

166 

21 

1 

14 
59 

479 
63 

266 
24 

308 
19 
89 

145 
6Q 
16 
57 
22 
93 
35 
3 
4 


331 


Arkansas 

California 

Colorado 

Connecticut 

Delaware 


312 
818 

39 
924 

50 


Georgia 


602 


Illinois 

Indiana 

Iowa 


2,204 
1,039 
1,104 


Kansas 


373 


Kentucky _. 


1,161 


Louisiana 

Maine 


277 
440 


Maryland 


18 

"W 
1 



46 

2 

1 


316 
50 

879 
498 
736 
1,305 
504 
42 


1,161 


Massachusetts 

Michigan 

Minnesota 

Mississippi 

Missouri 


1,982 

1,135 

308 

209 

1,559 


Nebraska 


113 


Nevada 




New Hampshire 

New Jersey 

New York 


215 


8 

115 

7 

69 

17 

57 


26 

3,102 

356 

3,130 

701 

203 


642 
3,531 


North Carolina 

Ohio 


906 
2,613 


Oregon 


252 


Pennsylvania ...... 

Rhode Island .. 


2,040 
271 


South Carolina 

Tennessee _ 


7 
38 
18 


336 
1,371 

889 


328 
1,826 


Texas 


781 


Vermont 


120 


Virginia 


3 

4 
20 
11 

3 


186 
78 
881 
211 
325 
114 


662 


West Virginia 

Wisconsin 


244 
773 


Dist. of Columbia . . 
Utah 


145 


Washington 


126 


Total 


364 


735 


28,456 


3,506 


31,616 



140 A STORE OF KNOWLEDGE 

COLLEGES FOUNDED. 

Harvard, the first and oldest college in the United 
States, was founded at Cambridge, Massachusetts, in the 
year 1638; Rev. Henry Dunster was the first Presi- 
dent, 1640. 

The William and Mary College was founded in 
Virginia, 1692. 

Yale College was founded in Connecticut in 1700, 
and established at New Haven in the year 1716. 

New Jersey College was founded at Princeton, New 
Jersey, 1746. 

The University of Pennsylvania was founded at 
Philadelphia, 1749. 

Columbia College was founded in New York, 1754. 

Brown University was founded in Rhode Island, 
1764. 

These were the first institutions of learning in Amer- 
ica; as the Sciences, Art and Literature advanced, 
Colleges sprang into existence, until the nineteenth cen- 
tury finds nearly every state in the Union with its state 
University, surrounded by schools, seminaries and acad- 
emies, not only in the large cities, but every town and 
hamlet, and even the rural districts, are blessed w r ith the 
privilege of educating the youths of our land. 

The first printing press in America was put up in 
Mexico in 1535: the first one in the United States was 
established at Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1639; its first 
publication was an almanac. 

The first newspaper appeared in, the United States at 
Boston, 1704, and was called the News Letter. 

The first daily was issued at Philadelphia, 1784. 



A STORE OF KNOWLEDGE. 141 

The first book published in the United States was in 
1607, written by Captain John Smith; its title was "The 
True Relation of Virginia " 

"twinkle, twinkle, little star." 

Mica, mica, parva stella, 
Miror, qusenam sis tarn bella ! 
Splendens eminus in illo 
Alba velut gemma coelo. 
Quando fervens sol discessit 
Nee calore prata pascit, 
Mox ostendis lumen purum, 
Micans, micans, per obscurum. 
Tibi noctu qui vagatur, 
Ob scintillulum gratatur; 
Ni micares tu, non sciret, 
Quas per vias errans iret. 
Meum saepe thalamam luce 
Specularis curiosa, 
Neque carpseris soporem, 
Donee venit sol per auram. 

From the Tale Courant. 



" Long after Washington's victories over the French 
and English had made his name familiar to all Europe, 
Dr. Franklin chanced to dine with the English and 
French ambassadors, when, as nearly as I can recollect 
the words, the following toasts were drunk: By the 
British ambassador: 'England — the sun whose bright 
beams enlighten and fructify the remotest corners of the 
earth.' The French ambassador, glowing with national 
pride, but too polite to_dispute the previous toast, drank, 
'France — the moon, whose mild, steady, and cheering 
rays are the delight of all nations: consoling them in 
darkness, and making their dreariness beautiful.' Doc- 
tor Franklin then arose, and with his usual dignified 



142 



A STOKE OF KNOWLEDGE. 



simplicity said, ; George "Washington — the Joshua, who 
commanded the sun and moon to stand still; and they 
obeyed him? " , 

SIGNS USED TO REPRESENT LETTERS IN THE MORSE TELE- 
GRAPHIC SYSTEM. 



ALPHABET. 

a 

c-- - 

d 

/ : 

i — 

m 


n 

o — 
p 

r- -- 

s 

t 

y 

& 


2-- 
3-- 

4__ 

5 — 


NUMERALS 


7 — 

8 — 

9 — 



1. 



Experienced operators take the message from sound. 
Morse's right of invention was at first disputed by other 
claimants; but an appeal to the courts sustained him, 
and Congress appropriated $30,000 to put the work 
under headway. The first public dispatch was sent over 
the wire in 1844, from Baltimore to Washington. The 
Democratic party was in convention at Baltimore May 
27th; it was in this convention that the two-thirds rule 
was adopted, and James K. Polk was nominated. The 
news was transmitted to Washington on the 29th of 
Mav, 1844. 

In the year 1876, A. G. Bell exhibits the invention 
of his Telephone at the Centennial; by means of this 
instrument, instead of transmitting intelligence by dots 
and dashes, the sounds of words are conveyed as they 
are spoken; while this invention will never supplant 
the Electro-Magnetic telegraph, it will, for moderate dis- 
tances, become the adopted medium of communication 
for every branch of business; the number in use, July, 



A STORE OF KNOWLEDGE. 143 

1881, in the United States will not fall short of one hun- 
dred thousand. In 1877 T. A. Edison invents the Pho- 
nograph. 

And 1881 finds him solving the problem of making 
the blackness of night more brilliant than day by Elec- 
tric-lighting. 

UNITED STATES POSTAL REGULATIONS, AS REVISED UNDER 

ACT OE MARCH 3, 1879. 

[Prom the American Almanac 1881.] 

First Class Mail Matter. 

Letters. — This class includes letters, postal cards, 
and anything sealed or otherwise closed against inspec- 
tion or anything containing writing not allowed as an 
accompaniment to printed matter, under class three. 

Postage, 3 cents each half ounce or fraction thereof. 

On local or drop letters, at free delivery offices, 2 
cents. At offices where no free delivery by carrier, 1 
cent. 

Prepayment by stamps invariably required. 

Postal cards, 1 cent. 

Registered letters, 10 cents in addition to the proper 
postage. 

The Post-Office Department or its revenue is not by 
law liable for the loss of any registered mail matter. 

Second Class. 

Hegular Publications. — This class includes all news- 
papers, periodicals, or matter exclusively in print and 
regularly issued at stated intervals as frequently as four 
times a year, from a known office of publication or news 
agency. Postage, 2 cents a pound or fraction thereof, 
prepaid by special stamps. Publications designed pri- 



144 A STORE OF KNOWLEDGE. 

marily for advertising or free circulation, or not having 
a legitimate list of subscribers, are excluded from the 
pound rate, and pay third class rates. 

Third Glass. 

Mail matter of the third class includes books, transient 
newspapers and periodicals, circulars, and other matter 
wholly in print, legal and commercial papers filed out in 
writing, proof-sheets, corrected proof-sheets, and manu- 
script copy accompanying the same. 

MS. unaccompanied by proof-sheets, letter rates. 

Limit of weight, 4 pounds each package, except sin- 
gle books — weight not limited. 

Postage, 1 cent for each 2 ounces, or fractional part 
thereof, invariably prepaid by stamps. 

Class Fourth. 

Embraces merchandise and all matter not included in 
the 1st, 2d, or 3d class, which is not liable to injure the 
mail matter. Limit of weight, 4 pounds. 

Postage, 1 cent for each ounce or fractional part 
thereof, prepaid. 

All packages of matter of the 3d or 4th class must be 
so wrapped or enveloped that their contents may be 
examined by postmasters without destroying the wrap- 
pers. 

Matter of the second, third, or fourth class containing 
any writing, except as here specified, or except bills 
and receipts for periodicals, or printed commercial pa- 
pers filled out in writing, as deeds, bills, etc., will be 
charged with letter postage ; but the sender of any book 
may write names or addresses therein, or on the outside 
with the word " from" preceding the same, or may 



A STORE OF KNOWLEDGE. 145 

write briefly on any package the number and names of 
the articles inclosed. 

Postal Money Orders. 

An order may be issued for any amount, from one 
cent to fifty dollars, inclusive, but fractional parts of a 
cent cannot be included. 
The fees for orders are: 

On orders not exceeding $15 10 cents. 

" " ovei $15 and not exceeding $30 . . 15 " 
" " over 30 " " 40 . . 20 « 

" " over 40 " " 50 . . 25 " 

When a larger sum than fifty dollars is required, addi- 
tional orders must be obtained; but no more than three 
orders will be issued in one day from the same post- 
office to the same remitter in favor of the same payee. 

Free Delivery. 

The free delivery of mail matter at the residences of 
the people desiring it is required by law in every city 
of 50,000 or more population, and may be established at 
every place containing not less than 20,000 inhabitants. 
The present number of free delivery offices is ninety. 

The franking privilege was abolished July 1, 1873, 
but the following mail matter may be sent free by legis- 
lative saving-clauses, viz.: 

1. All public documents printed by order of Congress, 
the Congressional Record and speeches contained there- 
in, franked by member of Congress or the Secretary of 
the Senate, or Clerk of the House. 

2. Seeds transmitted by the Commissioner of Agri- 
culture, or by any member of Congress, procured from 
that department. 

10 



146 A STOKE OF KNOWLEDGE. 

3. All periodicals sent to subscribers within the 
county where printed. 

4. Letters and packages relating exclusively to the 
business of the Government of the United States, mailed 
only by officers of the same, publications required to be 
mailed to the Librarian of Congress by the copyright 
law, and letters and parcels mailed by the Smithsonian 
Institution. All these must be covered by specially 
printed "penalty" envelopes or labels. 

All communications to Government officers, and to or 
from members of Congress, are required to be prepaid 
by stamps. 



THE DECLAKATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 



IN CONGRESS JULY 4, 1776. 

When, in the course of human events, it becomes 
necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands 
which have connected them with another, and to assume, 
among the powers of the earth, the separate and equal 
station to which the laws of nature and of nature's God 
entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of man- 
kind requires that they should declare the causes which 
impel them to the separation. 

We hold these truths to be self-evident: that all men 
are created equal; that they are endowed, by their 
Creator, with certain unalienable rights; that among 
these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. 

That to secure these rights, governments are insti- 
tuted among men, deriving their just powers from the 
consent of the governed; that whenever any form of 
government becomes destructive to these ends, it is the 
right of the people to alter or to abolish it, and to insti- 
tute a new government, laying its foundation on such 
principles, and organizing its powers in such form, as to 
them shall seem most likely to effect their safety and 
happiness. Prudence, indeed, will dictate that govern- 
ments long established should not be changed for light 
and transient causes; and, accordingly, all experience 
hath shown, that mankind are more disposed to suffer 
while evils are sufferable, than to right themselves by 
abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed. 
But when a long train of abuses and usurpations, pur- 

(147) 



148 A STOKE OF KNOWLEDGE. 

suing invariably the same object, evinces a design to 
reduce them under absolute despotism, it is their righ% 
it is their duty, to throw off such government, and to 
provide new guards for their future security. Such hrs 
been the patient sufferance of these colonies; and such 
is now the necessity which constrains them to alter 
their former systems of government. The history of the 
present king of Great Britain is a history of repeated 
injuries and usurpations, all having in direct object the 
establishment of an absolute tyranny over these states. 
To prove this, let facts be submitted to a candid world. 

He has refused his assent to laws the most whole- 
some and necessary for the public good. 

He has forbidden his governors to pass laws of imme- 
diate and pressing importance, unless suspended in 
their operation, till his assent should be obtained; and 
when so suspended, he has utterly neglected to attend 
to them. 

He has refused so pass other laws for the accommoda- 
tion of large districts of people, unless those people 
would relinquish the right of representation in the legis- 
lature — a right inestimable to them, and formidable to 
tyrants only. 

He has called together legislative bodies at places un- 
usual, uncomfortable, and distant from the repository 
of their public records, for the sole purpose of fatiguing 
them into compliance with his measures. 

He has dissolved representative houses repeatedly, 
for opposing, with manly firmness, his invasions on the 
rights of the people. 

He has refused, for a long time after such dissolu- 
tions, to cause others to be elected; whereby the legis- 
lative powers, incapable of annihilation, have returned 



A STORE OF KNOWLEDGE. 149 

to the people at large, for tlieir exercise, the state re- 
maining, in the meantime, exposed to all the dangers 
of invasion from without, and convulsions within. 

He has endeavored to prevent the population of these 
states; for that purpose obstructing the laws for natu- 
ralization of foreigners; refusing to pass others to en- 
courage their migration hither, and raising the condi- 
tions of new appropriations of lands. 

He has obstructed the administration of justice, by 
refusing his assent to laws for establishing judiciary 
Dowers. 

He has made judges dependent on his will alone, for 
the tenure of their offices, and the amount and payment 
of their salaries. 

He has erected a multitude of new offices, and sent 
hither swarms of officers, to harass our people, and eat 
out their substance. 

He has kept among us in times of peace, standing 
armies, without the consent of our legislatures. 

He has affected to render the military independent of, 
and superior to, the civil power. 

He has combined with others to subject us to a juris- 
diction foreign to our constitution, and unacknowledged 
by our laws: giving his assent to their acts of pre- 
tended legislation: 

For quartering large bodies of armed troops among us: 

For protecting them, by a mock trial, from punish- 
ment for any murders which they should commit on the 
inhabitants of these states: 

For cutting off our trade with all parts of the world: 

For imposing taxes on us without our consent: 

For depriving us, in many cases, of the, benefits of 
trial by jury: 



150 A STORE OF KNOWLEDGE. 

For transporting us beyond seas to be tried for pretend- 
ed offences: 

For abolishing the free system of English laws in a 
neighboring province, establishing therein an arbitrary 
government, and enlarging its boundaries, so as to ren- 
der it at once an example and fit instrument for intro- 
ducing the same absolute rule into these colonies: 

For taking away our charters, abolishing our most 
valuable laws, and altering, fundamentally, the forms of 
our governments: 

For suspending our own legislatures, and declaring 
themselves invested with power to legislate for us in all 
cases whatsoever 

He has abdicated government here, by declaring us 
out of his protection, and waging war against us. 

He has plundered our seas, ravaged our coasts, burnt 
our towns, and destroyed the lives of our people. 

He is at this time transporting large armies of foreign 
mercenaries to complete the works of death, desolation, 
and tyranny, already begun with circumstances of cru- 
elty and perfidy scarcely paralleled in the most barbarous 
ages, and totally unworthy the head of a civilized nation. 

He has constrained our fellow-citizens, taken captive 
on the high seas, to bear arms against their country, to 
become the executioners of their friends and brethren, or 
to fall themselves by their hands. 

He has excited domestic insurrections among us, and 
has endeavored to bring on the inhabitants of our fron- 
tiers the merciless Indian savages, whose known rule of 
warfare is an undistinguished destruction of all ages, 
sexes, and conditions. 

At every stage of these oppressions we have petitioned 
for redress in the most bumble terms: our repeated peti- 



A STORE OF KNOWLEDGE. 151 

tions have been answered only by repeated injury. A 
prince, whose character is thus marked by every act 
which may define a tyrant, is unfit to be the ruler of a 
free people. 

Nor have we been wanting in attentions to our Brit- 
ish brethren. We have warned them, from time to time, 
of attempts by their legislature to extend an unwarrant- 
able jurisdiction over us. "We have reminded them 
of the circumstances of our emigration and set- 
tlement here. We have appealed to their na- 
tive justice and magnanimity, and we have conjured 
them by the ties of our common kindred to disavow 
these usurpations, which would inevitably interrupt our 
connections and correspondence. They, too, have been 
deaf to the voice of justice and of consanguinity. We 
must, therefore, acquiesce in the necessity which 
denounces our separation, and hold them, as we hold the 
rest of mankind — enemies in war; in peace, friends. 

We, therefore, the representatives of the United 
States of America, in general congress assembled, 
appealing to the Supreme Judge of the world for the 
rectitude of our intentions, do, in the name and by the 
authority of the good people of these colonies, solemnly 
publish and declare, That these United Colonies are, 
and of right ought to be, Free and Independent States; 
that they are absolved from all allegiance to the British 
crown, and that all political connection between them 
and the state of Great Britain is, and ought to be, to- 
tally dissolved; and that, as Free and Independent 
States, they have full power to levy war, conclude peace, 
contract alliances, establish commerce, and to do all 
other acts and things which Independent States may 
of right do. And for the support of this Declaration, 



152 A STORE OF KNOWLEDGE. 

with a firm reliance on the protection of Divine Prov- 
idence, we mutually pledge to each other our lives, our 
fortunes, and our sacred honor. 

JOHN HANCOCK. 

New Hampshire. — Josiah Bartlett, William Whipple, 
Matthew Thornton. 

Massachusetts Hay. — Samuel Adams, John Adams, 
Robert Treat Paine, El bridge Gerry. 

Rhode Island, etc. — Stephen Hopkins,William Ellery. 

Connecticut. — Roger Sherman, Samuel Huntingdon, 
William Williams, Oliver Wolcott. 

New York. — William Floyd, Philip Livingston, 
Francis Lewis, Lewis Morris. 

New Jersey. — Richard Stockton, John Wit her spoon, 
Francis Hopkinson, John Hart, Abraham Clark. 

Pennsylvania. — Robert Morris, Benjamin Rush, Ben- 
jamin Franklin, John Morton, George Clymer, James 
Smith, George Taylor, James Wilson, George Ross. 

Delaware. — Caesar Rodney, George Read, Thos. 
M'Kean. 

Maryland. — Samuel Chase, William Paca, Thomas 
Stone, Charles Carroll of Carrollton. 

Virginia. — George Wythe, Richard Henry Lee, Tho- 
mas Jefferson, Benjamin Harrison, Thomas Nelson, Jr., 
Francis Lightfoot Lee, Carter Braxton. 

North Carolina. — William Hooper, Joseph Hewes, 
John Perm. 

South Carolina. — Edward Rutlege, Thomas Hay ward, 
Jr., Thomas Lynch, Jr., Arthur Middleton. 

Georgia. — Button Gwinnett, Lyman Hall, George 
Walton. 



THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 



We, the People of the United States, in order to form 
a more perfect union, establish justice, insure domestic 
tranquillity, provide for the common defense, promote 
the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty 
to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish 
this Constitution for the United States of America. 

ARTICLE I. SECTION I. 

1. All legislative powers herein granted, shall be 
vested in a congress of the United States, which shall 
consist of a senate and house of representatives. 

SECTION II. 

1. The house of representatives shall be composed of 
members chosen every second year by the people of the 
several states; and the electors in each state shall have 
the qualifications requisite for electors of the most nu- 
merous branch of the state legislature. 

2. No person shall be a representative who shall not 
have attained to the age of twenty-five years, and been 
seven years a citizen of the United States, and who shall 
not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that State in which 
he shall be chosen. 

3. Representatives and direct taxes shall be appor- 
tioned among the several states which may be included 
within this union, according to their respective numbers, 
which shall be determined by adding to the whole num- 
ber of free persons including those bound to service for 
a term of years, and excluding Indians not taxed, three- 

(153) 



154 A STOKE OF KNOWLEDGE. 

fifths of all other persons. The actual enumeration 
shall be made within three years after the first meeting 
of the congress of the United States, and within every 
subsequent term of ten years, in such manner as they 
shall by law direct. The number of representatives 
shall not exceed one for every thirty thousand, but each 
state shall have at least one representative; and until 
such enumeration shall be made, the state of New 
Hampshire shall be entitled to choose three; Massa- 
chusetts, eight; Rhode Island and Providence Planta- 
tions, one; Connnecticut, five; New York, six; New 
Jersey, four; Pennsylvania, eight; Delaware, one; 
Maryland, six; Virginia, ten; North Carolina, five; 
South Carolina, fine; and Georgia, three. 

4. "When vacancies happen in the representation from 
any state, the executive authority thereof shall issue 
writs of election to fill up such vacancies. 

5. The house of representatives shall choose their 
speaker and other officers, and shall have the sole power 
of impeachment. 

SECTION III. 

1. The senate of the United States shall be composed 
of two senators from each state, chosen by the legisla- 
ture thereof, for six years ; and each senator shall have 
one vote. 

2. Immediately after they shall be assembled in 
consequence of the first election, they shall be di- 
vided, as equally as may be, into three classes. The 
seats of the senators of the first class shall be vacated at 
the expiration of the second year; of the second class, at 
the expiration of the fourth year; and of the third class, 
at the expiration of the sixth year: so that one-third 



A STORE OF KNOWLEDGE. 155 

may be chosen every second year; and if vacancies hap- 
pen, by resignation or otherwise, during the recess of 
the legislature of any state, the executive thereof may 
make temporary appointments until the next meeting 
of the legislature, which shall then fill such vacancies. 

3. No person shall be a senator who shall not have 
attained to the age of thirty years, and been nine years 
a citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when 
elected, be an inhabitant of that state for which he shall 
be chosen. 

4. The vice-president of the United States shall be 
president of the senate, bat shall have no vote unless 
they be equally divided. 

5. The senate shall choose their other officers, and also 
a president pro tempore, in the absence of the vice-pres- 
ident, or when he shall exercise the office of president of 
the United States. 

6. The senate shall have the sole power to try all im- 
peachments. When sitting for that purpose, they shall 
beonoathor affirmation. When the president of the 
United States is tried, the chief justice shall preside; 
and no person shall be convicted without the concur- 
rence of two-thirds of the members present. 

7. Judgment, in case of impeachment, shall not ex- 
tend further than to removal from office, and disqualifi- 
cation to hold and enjoy any office of honor, trust, or 
profit under the United States; but the party convicted 
shall nevertheless be liable and subject to indictment, 
trial, judgment, and punishment according to law. 

SECTION IV. 

1. The times, places, and manner of holding elections 
for senators and representatives, shall be prescribed in 



156 A STORE OF KNOWLEDGE. 

each state by the legislature thereof; bat the congress 
may, at any time, by law, make or alter such regulations, 
except as to the places of choosing senators. 

2. The congress shall assemble at least once in every 
year, and such meeting shall be on the first Monday in 
December, unless they shall by law appoint a different 
day. 

SECTION V. 

1. Each house shall be the judge of the elections, re- 
turns, and qualifications of its own members; and a ma- 
jority of each shall constitute a quorum to do business; 
but a smaller number may adjourn from day to day, 
and may be authorized to compel the attendance of ab- 
sent members, in such manner and under such penal- 
ties as each house may provide. 

2. Each house may determine the rules of its proceed- 
ings, punish its members for disorderly behavior, and, 
with the concurrence of two-thirds, expel a member. 

3. Each house shall keep a journal of its proceedings, 
and from time to time publish the same, excepting such 
parts as may in their judgment require secrecy; and 
the yeas and nays of the members of either house, on 
any question, shall, at the desire of one-fifth of those 
present, be entered on the journal. 

4. Neither house, during the session of congress^ 
shall, without the consent of the other, adjourn for 
more than three days nor to any other place than that 
in which the two houses shall be sitting. 

SECTION VI. 

1. The senators and representatives shall receive a 
compensation for their services, to be ascertained by 
law, and paid out of the treasury of the United States. 



A STORE OF KNOWLEDGE. 157 

They shall, in all cases, except treason, felony, and 
breach of the peace, be privileged from arrest during 
their attendance at the session of their respective houses, 
and ingoing to and returning from the same; and for 
any speech or debate in either house, they shall not be 
questioned in any other 'place. 

2. ~No senator or representative shall, during the time 
for which he was elected, be appointed to any civil officf 
under the authority of the United States which sha! 
have been created, or the emoluments whereof shaU 
have been increased, during such time; and no person 
holding any office under the United States shall be a 
member of either house during his continuance in office. 

SECTION VII. 

1. All bills for raising revenue shall originate in the 
house of representatives; but the senate may propose or 
concur with amendments, as on other bills. 

2. Every bill which shall have passed the house of 
representatives and the senate, shall, before it become a 
law, be presented to the president of the United States: 
if he approve, he shall sign it; but if not, he shall return 
it, with his objections, to that house in which it shall 
have originated, who shall enter the objection at large 
on their journal, and proceed to reconsider it. If, after 
such reconsideration, two-thirds of that house shall agree 
to pass the bill, it shall be sent, together with the objec- 
tions, to the other house, by which it shall likewise be 
reconsidered, and if approved by two-thirds of that house, 
it shall become a law. But in all such cases, the votes of 
both houses shall be determined by yeas and nays, and 
the names of the persons voting for and against the bill 
shall be entered on the journal of each house respectively. 



158 A STORE OF KNOWLEDGE. 

If any bill shall not be returned by the president within 
ten days (Sundays excepted) after it shall have been 
presented to him, the same shall be a law in like man- 
ner fls if he had signed it, unless the congress by their 
adjournment prevent its return, in which case it shall 
not be a law. 

3. Every order, resolution, or vote, to which the con- 
currence of the senate and house of representatives may 
be necessary, except on a question of adjournment, shall 
be presented to the president of the United States; and 
before the same shall take effect, shall be approved by 
him, or being disapproved by him, shall be repassed by 
two-thirds of the senate and house of representatives, 
according to the rules and limitations prescribed in the 
case of a bill. 

SECTION VIII. 

The congress shall have power — 

1. To lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts, and ex- 
cises; to pay the debts and provide for the common de- 
fense and general welfare of the United States; but all 
duties, imposts, and excises, shall be uniform through- 
out the United States: 

2. To borrow money on the credit of the United 
States: 

3. To regulate commerce with foreign nations, and 
among the several states, and with the Indian tribes: 

4. To establish a uniform rule of naturalization, and 
uniform laws on the subject of bankruptcies throughout 
the United States. 

5. To coin money, regulate the value thereof, and of 
foreign coin, and fix the standard of weights and 
measures : 



A STORE OF KNOWLEDGE. 159 

6. To provide for the punishment of counterfeiting 
the securities and current coin of the United States: 

7. To establish post offices and post roads: 

8. To promote the progress of science and useful arts, 
bj securing for limited times to authors and inventors 
the exclusive right to their respective writings and 
discoveries : 

9. To constitute tribunals inferior to the supreme 
court: 

10. To define and punish piracies and felonies com- 
mitted on the high seas, and offenses against the laws of 
nations : 

11. To declare war, grant letters of marque and re- 
prisal, and make rules concerning captures on land and 
water: 

12. To raise and support armies, but no appropriation 
of money to that use shall be for a longer term than two 
years : 

13. To provide and maintain a navy: 

14. To make rules for the government and regulation 
of the land and naval forces: 

15. To provide for calling forth the militia to execute 
the laws of the union, suppress insurrections, and repel 
invasions. 

16. To provide fur organizing, arming, and disciplin- 
ing the militia, and for governing such part of them as 
may be employed in the service of the United States, 
reserving to the states, respectively, the appointment of 
the officers, and the authority of training the militia ac- 
cording to the discipline prescribed by congress. 

17. To exercise exclusive legislation in all cases what- 
soever, over such district, not exceeding ten miles 
square, as may, by cession of particular states, and the 



160 A STORE OF KNOWLEDGE. 

acceptance of congress, become the seat of government 
of the United States, and to exercise like authority over 
all places purchased by the consent of the legislature of 
the state in which the same shall be, for the erection of 
forts, magazines, arsenals, dock-yards, and other needful 
buildings; and, 

18. To make all laws which shall be necessary and 
proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers, 
and all other powers vested by this constitution in the 
government of the United States, or in any department 
or officer thereof. 

SECTION IX. 

1. The migration or importation of such persons as 
any of the states now existing shall think proper to ad- 
mit, shall not be prohibited by the congress prior to the 
year one thousand eight hundred and eight, but a tax 
or duty may be imposed on such importation, not ex- 
ceeding ten dollars for each person. 

2. The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not 
be suspended, unless when, incases of rebellion or inva- 
sion, the public safety may require it. 

3. No bill of attainder, or ex post facto law, shall be 
passed. 

4. No capitation or other direct tax shall be laid, un- 
less in proportion to the census or enumeration herein- 
before directed to be taken. 

5. No tax or duty shall be laid on articles exported 
from any state. No preference shall be given by any 
regulation of commerce or revenue to the ports of one 
state over those of another; nor shall vessels bound to 
or from one state be obliged to enter, clear, or pay du- 
ties in another. 



A STORK OF KNOWLEDGE. 161 

6. No money shall be drawn from the treasury but 
in consequence of appropriations made by law; and a 
regular statement and account of the receipts and ex- 
penditures of all public nfbney shall be published from 
time to time. 

7. No title of nobility shall be granted by the United 
States, and no person holding any office of profit or trust 
under them shall, without the consent of the congress, 
accept of any present, emolument, office, or title of any 
kind whatever, from any king, prince or foreign state. 

section x. 

1. No state shall enter into any treaty, alliance, or 
confederation; grant letters of marque and reprisal; 
coin money; emit bills of credit; make anything but 
gold and silver coin a tender in payment of debts; pass 
any bill of attainder, ex post facto law, or law impairing 
the obligation of contracts; or grant any title of no- 
bility. 

2. No state shall, without the consent of congress, lay 
any imposts or duties on imports or exports, except 
what may be absolutely necessary for executing its in- 
spection laws; and the net produce of all duties and 
imposts, laid by any state on imports or exports, shall 
be for the use of the treasury of the United States, and 
all such laws shall be subject to the revision and con- 
trol of the congress. No state shall, without the consent 
of congress, lay any duty of tunnage, keep troops or 
ships of war in time of peace, enter into any agreement 
or compact with another state, or with a foreign power, 
or engage in war, unless actually invaded, or in such, 
imminent danger as will not admit of delay. 

11 



162 A STORE OF KNOWLEDGE. 
ARTICLE II. SECTION I. 

1. The executive power shall be vested in a president 
of the United States of America. He shall hold his 
office during the term of four years, and, together with 
the vice-president, chosen for the same term, be elected 
as follows: 

2. Each state shall appoint, in such manner as the 
legislature thereof may direct, a number of electors, 
equal to the whole number of senators and representa- 
tives to which the state may be entitled in the congress; 
but no senator or representative, or person holding an 
office of trust or profit under the United States, shall be 
appointed an elector. 

[3. The electors shall meet in their respective states, 
and vote by ballot for two persons, of whom one at least 
shall not be an inhabitant of the same state with them- 
selves. And they shall make a list of all the persons 
voted for, and of the number of votes for each; which 
list they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the 
seat of the government of the United States, directed to 
the president of the senate. The president of the senate 
shall, in the presence of the senate and house of rep- 
resentatives, open all the certificates, and the votes shall 
then be counted. The person having the greatest num- 
ber of votes shall be president, if such number be a ma- 
jority of the whole number of electors appointed; and if 
there be more than one who have such majority, and 
have an equal number of votes, then the house of repre- 
sentatives shall immediately choose, by ballot, one of 
them for president; and if no person have a majority, 
then, from the five highest on the list, the said house 
shall, in like manner, choose the president. But, in 
choosing the president, the votes shall be taken by states 



A STORE OF KNOWLEDGE. 163 

the representation from each state having one vote; a 
quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or 
members from two- thirds of the states, and a majority 
of all the states shall be necessary to a choice. In every 
case, after the choice of the president, the person having 
the greatest number of votes of the electors, shall be the 
vice-president. But if there should remain two or 
more who have equal votes, the senate shall choose from 
them, by ballot, the vice-president.*] 

4. The congress may determine the time of choosing 
the electors, and the day on which they shall give their 
votes; which day shall be the same throughout the 
United States. 

5. No person, except a natural born citizen, or a citi- 
zen of the United States at the time of the adoption of 
this constitution, shall be eligible to the office of presi- 
dent; neither shall any person be eligible to that office, 
who shall not have attained to the age of thirty-five 
years, and been fourteen years a resident within the 
United States. 

6. In case of the removal of the president from office, 
or of his death, resignation, or inability to discharge the 
powers and duties of the said office, the same shall de- 
volve on the vice-president, and the congress may, by 
law, provide for the case of removal, death, resignation, 
or inability, both of the president and vice-president, 
declaring what officer shall then act as president, and 
such officer shall act accordingly, until the disability be 
removed, or a president shall be elected. 

7. The president shall, at stated times, receive for his 
services a compensation, which shall neither be increased 
nor diminished during the period for which he shall 
have been elected, and he shall not receive within that 

♦Altered, see amend, art. 12, page 173. 



164: A STORE OF KNOWLEDGE. 

period any other emolument from the United States, or 
any of them. 

8. Before he enter on the execution of his office, he 
shall take the following oath or affirmation: 

9. " I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faith- 
fully execute the office of president of the United States 
and will, to the best of my ability, preserve, protect, 
and defend the constitution of the United States." 

SECTION II. 

1. The president shall be commander-in-chief of the 
army and navy of the United States, and of the militia 
of the several states, when called into the actual service 
of the United States; he may require the opinion, in 
writing, of the principal officer in each of the executive 
departments, upon any subject relating to the duties of 
their respective offices; and he shall have power to 
grant reprieves and pardons for all offences against the 
United States, except in cases of impeachment. 

2. He shall have power, by and with the advice and 
consent of the senate, to make treaties, provided two- 
thirds of the" senators present concur; and he shall 
nominate, and, by and with the advice and consent of 
the senate, shall appoint ambassadors, other public min- 
isters, and consuls, judges of the supreme court, and all 
other officers of the United States, whose appointments 
are not herein otherwise provided for, and which shall 
be established by law. But the congress may, by law, 
vest the appointment of such inferior officers as they 
think proper in the president alone, in the courts of 
law, or in the heads of departments. 

3. The president shall have power to fill up all vacan- 
cies that may happen during the recess of the senate, by 



A STORE OF KNOWLEDGE. 165 

granting commissions which shall expire at the end of 
their next session. 

SECTION III. 

1. He shall, from time to time, give to the congress 
information of the state of the union, and recommend 
to their consideration such measures as he shall judge 
necessary and expedient; he maw, on extraordinary oc- 
casions, convene both houses, or either of them, and, in 
case of disagreement between them, with respect to the 
time of adjournment, he may adjourn them to such time 
as he shall think proper; he shall receive ambassadors 
and other public ministers; he shall take care that the 
laws be faithfully executed; and shall commission all 
the officers of the United States. 

SECTION IV. 

1. The president, vice-president, and all civil officers 
of the United States, shall be removed from office on im- 
peachment for, and conviction of, treason, bribery, or 
other high crimes and misdemeanors. 

ARTICLE III.-SECTION I. 

1. The judicial power of the United States shall be 
vested in one supreme court, and in such inferior courts 
as the congress may, from time to time, ordain and es- 
tablish. The judges, both of the supreme and inferior 
courts, shall hold their offices during good behavior; 
and shall, at stated times, receive for their services a 
compensation which shall not- be diminished during 
their continuance in office. 

SECTION II, 

1. The judicial power shall extend to all cases in law 
and equity, arising under this constitution, the laws of 



166 A STOKE OF KNOWLEDGE. 

the United States, and treaties made, or which shall be 
made, under their authority; to all cases affecting am- 
bassadors, other public ministers and consuls; to all 
cases of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction; to con- 
troversies to which the United States shall be a party; 
to controversies between two or more states; between a 
state and citizens of another state; between citizens of 
another state; between citizens of different states; be- 
tween citizens of the same state claiming lands under 
grants of different states; and between a state, or the 
citizens thereof, and foreign states, citizens or subjects. 

2. In all cases affecting ambassadors, other public 
ministers and consuls, and those in which a state shall 
be a party, the supreme court shall have original juris- 
diction. In all the other cases before mentioned, the 
supreme court shall have appellate jurisdiction, both as 
to law and fact, with such exceptions, and under such 
regulations, as the congress shall make. 

3. The trial of all crimes, except in cases of impeach- 
ment, shall be by jury; and such trial shall be held in 
the state where the said crimes shall have been com- 
mitted; but when not committed within any state, the 
trial shall be at such place or places as the congress 
may, by law, have directed. 

SECTION III. 

1. Treason against the United States shall consist 
only in levying war against them, or in adhering to 
their enemies, giving them aid and comfort. ISTo person 
shall be convicted of treason unless on the testimony of 
two witnesses to the same overt act, or on confession in 
open court. 

2. The congress shall have power to declare the pun- 



A STORE OF KNOWLEDGE. 



16? 



ishment of treason, but no attainder of treason shall 
work corruption of blood or forfeiture, except during 
the life of the person attainted. 

ARTICLE IV. SECTION I. 

1. Full faith and credit shall be given in each state 
to the public acts, records, and judicial proceedings of 
every other state. And the congress may, by general 
laws, prescribe the manner in which such acts, records, 
and proceedings shall be proved, and the effect thereof. 

SECTION II. 

1. The citizens of each state shall be entitled to all 
privileges and immunities of citizens in the several states. 

2. A person charged in any state with treason, felony, 
or other crime, who shall flee from justice, and be found 
in another state, shall, on demand of the executive 
authority of the state from which he fled, be delivered 
up, to be removed to the state having jurisdiction of 
the crime. 

3. No person held to service or labor in one state 
under the laws thereof, escaping into another, shall, in 
consequence of any law or regulation therein, be dis- 
charged from such service or labor, but shall be de- 
livered up on claim of the party to whom such service 
or labor may be due. 

SECTION III. 

1. New states may be admitted by the congress into 
this union; but no new state shall be formed or erected 
within the jurisdiction of any other state; nor any state 
be formed by the junction of two or more states, or 
parts of states, without the consent of the legislature of 
the states concerned, as well as of the congress. 



168 A STORE OF KNOWLEDGE. 

2. The congress shall have power to dispose of, and 
make all needful rules and regulations respecting the 
territory or other property belonging to the United 
States; and nothing in this constitution shall be so con- 
strued as to prejudice any claims of the United States, 
or of any particular state. 

SECTION IV. 

1. The United States shall guarantee to every state in 
this union a republican form of government, and shall 
protect each of them against invasion, and on application 
of the legislature, or of the executive, when the legisla- 
ture can not be convened, against domestic violence. 

ARTICLE V. 

1. The congress, whenever two-thirds of both houses 
shall deem it necessary, shall propose amendments to 
this constitution, or, on the application of the legisla- 
tures of two-thirds of the several states, shall call a con- 
vention for proposing amendments, which, in either 
case, shall be valid, to all intents and purposes, as part 
of this constitution, when ratified by the legislatures of 
three-fourths of the several states, or by conventions in 
three-fourths thereof, as the one or the other mode of 
ratification may be proposed by the congress; provided, 
that no amendment which may be made prior to the 
year one thousand eight hundred and eight, shall in any 
manner affect the first and fourth clauses in the ninth 
section of the first article; and that no state, without 
its consent, shall be deprived of its equal suffrage in the 
senate. 

ARTICLE VI. 

1. All debts contracted and engagements entered in 
to, before the adoption of this constitution, shall be as 



A STORE OF KNOWLEDGE. 169 

valid against the United States under this constitution 
as under the confederation. 

2. This constitution, and the laws of the United 
States which shall be made in pursuance thereof, and all 
treaties made, or which shall be made, under the 
authority of the United States, shall be the supreme law 
of the land; and the judges in every state shall be 
bound thereby, .anything in the constitution or laws of 
any state to the contrary notwithstanding. 

3. The senators and representatives before mentioned, 
and the members of the several state legislatures, and 
all executive and judicial officers, both of the United 
States and of the several states, shall be bound by oath 
or affirmation, to support this constitution : but no re- 
ligious test shall ever be required as a qualification to 
any office or public trust under the United States. 

ARTICLE VII. 

1. The ratification of the conventions of nine states 
shall be sufficient for the establishment of this constitu- 
tion between the states so ratifying the same. 

Done in Convention, by the unanimous consent of the 
states present, the seventeenth day of September, in 
the year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred 
and eighty seven, and of the independence of the 
United States of America the twelfth. In witness 
whereof, we have hereunto subscribed our names. 
GEORGE WASHINGTON, 

President and deputy from Virginia. 

New Hampshire. — John Langdon, Nicholas Gilman. 
Massachusetts. — Nathaniel Gorham, Rufus King. 
Connecticut. — William Samuel Johnson, Roger Sher- 
man. 



170 A STORE OF KNOWLEDGE. 

New York. — Alexander Hamilton. 

New Jersey. — William Livingston, David Brearly, 
William Patterson, Jonathan Dayton. 

Pennsylvania. — Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Mifflin, 
Robert Morris, George Clymer, Thomas Fitzsimons, 
Jared Ingersoll, James Wilson, Gouverneur Morris. 

Delaware. — George Read, Gunning Bedford, jr., 
John Dickinson, Richard Bassett, Jacob Broom. 

Maryland. — James McIIenry, Daniel of St. Thomas 
Jenifer, Daniel Carroll. 

Virginia. — John Blair, James Madison, jr. 

North Carolina. — William Blount, Richard Dobbs 
Spaight, Hugh Williamson. 

South Carolina. — John Rutledge, Charles Cotes- 
worth Pinckney, Charles Pinckney, Pierce Butler. 

Georgia. — William Few, Abraham Baldwin. 
Attest: William Jackson, Secretary. 



AMENDMENTS TO THE CONSTITUTION. 



ARTICLE I. 

1. Congress shall make no law respecting an estab- 
lishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise 
thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the. 
press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, 
and to petition the government for a redress of griev- 
ances. 

ARTICLE II. 

1. A well regulated militia being necessary to the 
security of a free state, the right of the people to keep 
and bear arms shall not be infringed. 

ARTICLE III. 

1. No soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered in 
any house without the consent of the owner, nor in 
time of war but in a manner to be prescribed by law. 

ARTICLE IT. 

1. The right of the people to be secure in their per- 
sons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable 
searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no war- 
rants shall issue but upon probable cause, supported by 
oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place 
to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized. 

article v. 

1. No person shall be held to answer for a capital or 
otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or 

(171) 



172 A STORE OF KNOWLEDGE. 

indictment of a grand jury, except in cases arising in 
the land or naval forces, or in the militia when in 
actual service, in time of war or public danger; nor 
shall any person be subject, for the same offense, to be 
twice put in jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall be com- 
pelled in any criminal case to be a witness against him- 
self; nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, with- 
out due process of law; nor shall private property be 
taken for public use without just compensation. 

ARTICLE YI. 

1. Iii all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall en- 
joy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an im- 
partial jury of the state and district wherein the 
crime shall have been committed, which district shall 
have been previously ascertained by law, and to be in- 
formed of the nature and cause of the accusation; to be 
confronted with the witnesses against him; to have 
compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his 
favor; and to have the assistance of counsel for his de- 
fense. 

ARTICLE VII. 

1. In suits at common law, where the value in contro- 
versy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by 
jury shall be preserved; and no fact tried by a jury 
shall be otherwise re-examined in any court of the 
United States, than according to the rules at the com- 
mon law. 

ARTICLE VIII. 

1. Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive 
fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments in- 
flicted. 



A STORE OF KNOWLEDGE. 173 

ARTICLE IX. 

1. The enumeration in the constitution of certain 
rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage 
others retained by the people. 

article x. 
1. The powers not delegated to the United States by 
the constitution, nor prohibited by it to the states, are 
reserved to the states respectively, or to the people. 

ARTICLE XI. 

1. The judicial power of the United S-tates shall not 
be construed to extend to any suit in law or equity, 
commenced or prosecuted against one of the United 
States by citizens of another state, or by citizens or sub- 
jects of any foreign state. 

ARTICLE XII. 

1. The electors shall meet in their respective states, 
and vote by ballot for president and vice-president, one 
of whom, at least, shall not be an inhabitant of the same 
state with themselves; they shall name in their ballots 
the person voted for as president, and in distinct ballots 
the person voted for as vice-president; and they shall 
make distinct lists of all persons voted for as president, 
and of all persons voted for as vice-president, and of the 
number of votes for each, which lists they shall sign 
and certify, and transmit sealed to the seat of the gov- 
ernment of the United States, directed to the president 
of the senate; the president of the senate shall, in the 
presence of the senate and house of representatives, 
open all the certificates, and the votes shall then be 
counted; the, person having the greatest number of 
votes for president shall be the president, if such num- 



174 A STORE OF KNOWLEDGE. 

ber be a majority of the whole number of electors ap- 
pointed; and if no person have such majority, then 
from the persons having the highest numbers, not ex- 
ceeding three, on the list of those voted for as president, 
the house of representatives shall choose immediately, 
by ballot, the president. But in choosing the president, 
the votes shall be taken by states, the representation 
from each state having one vote; a quorum for this 
purpose shall consist of a member or members from 
two-thirds of the states, and a majority of all the states 
shall be necessary to a choice. And if the house of 
representatives shall not choose a president, whenever 
the right of choice shall devolve upon them, before the 
fourth day of March next following, then the vice-pres- 
ident shall act as president, as in the case of the death 
or other constitutional disability of the president. 

2. The person having the greatest number of votes 
as vice-president, shall be the vice-president, if such 
number be a majority of the whole number of electors 
appointed; and if no person have a majority, then from 
the two highest numbers on the list, the senate shall 
choose the vice-president; a quorum for the purpose 
shall consist of two-thirds of the whole number of sena- 
tors, and a majority of the whole number shall be neces- 
sary to a choice. 

8. But no person constitutionally ineligible to the 
office of president, shall be eligible to that of vice-pres- 
ident of the United States. 

ARTICLE XIII. 

Sec. 1. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, ex- 
cept as a punishment for crime, whereof the party shall 
have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United 
States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction. 



A STOKE OF KNOWLEDGE. 175 

Sec. 2. Congress shall have power to enforce this ar- 
ticle by appropriate legislation. 

ARTICLE XIV. 

Sec. 1. All persons born or naturalized in the United 
States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citi- 
zens of the United States, and of the state wherein they 
reside. No state shall make or enforce any law which 
shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of 
the United States; nor shall any state deprive any per- 
son of life, liberty, or property, without due process of 
law, nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction, the 
equal protection of the laws. 

Sec 2. Representatives shall be apportioned among 
the several states according to their respective numbers, 
counting the whole number of persons in each state, ex- 
cluding Indians not taxed. But when the right to vote 
at any election for choice of electors for president and 
vice-president of the United States, representatives in 
congress, the executive and judicial officers of a state, 
or the members of the legislature thereof, is denied to 
any of the male inhabitants of such state being twenty- 
one years of age, and citizens of the United States, or 
in any way abridged, except for participation in re- 
bellion or other crime, the basis of representation there- 
in shall be reduced in the proportion which the number 
of such male citizens shall bear to the whole number of 
male citizens twenty-one years of age in such State. 

Sec 3. JSTo person shall be a senator, or representative 
in congress, or elector of president and vice-president, 
or hold any office, civil or military, under the 
United States, or under any state, who, having pre- 
viously taken an oath as a member of congress, or as an 



176 A STORE OF KNOWLEDGE. 

officer of the United States, or as a member of any state 
legislature, or as an executive or judicial officer of any 
state, to support the Constitution of the United States, 
shall have engaged in insurrection or rebellion against 
the same, or given aid and comfort to the enemies there- 
of; but congress may, by a vote of two- thirds of each 
house, remove such disability. 

Sec. 4. The validity of the public debt of the United 
States authorized by law, including debts incurred for 
payments of pensions and bounties for services in sup- 
pressing insurrection or rebellion, shall not be ques- 
tioned. But neither the United States nor any state 
shall assume or pay any debt or obligation incurred in 
aid of insurrection or rebellion against the United 
States, or any claim for the loss or emancipation of any 
slave; but all such debts, obligations, and claims, shall 
be held illegal and void. 

Sec. 5. The congress shall have power to enforce, by 
appropriate legislation, the provisions of this article. 

ARTICLE xv. 

Sec 1. The right of citizens of the United States to 
vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United 
States or by any state on account of race, color, or pre- 
vious condition of servitude. 

Sec. 2. The congress shall have power to enforce this 
article by appropriate legislation. 

Note. — The first ten Amendments were proposed in 1789, and 
adopted in 1791 ; the eleventh was proposed in 1794, adopted in 1798; 
the twelfth, proposed in 1803 and adopted in 1804; the thirteenth 
proposed and adopted in 1865; the fourteenth proposed in 1866, 
adopted in 1868; the fifteenth proposed in 1869, adopted in 1870. 



WASHINGTON'S FAKEWELL ADDEESS. 



SEPTEMBER 17, 1796. 

Friends and fellow -citizens: 

The period for a new election of a citizen to adminis- 
ter the executive government of the United States being 
not far distant, and the time actually arrived when your 
thoughts must be employed in designating the person 
who is to be clothed with that important trust, it ap- 
pears to me proper, especially as it may conduce to a 
more distinct expression of the public voice, that I 
should now apprise you of the resolution I have formed, 
to decline being considered among the number of those 
out of whom a choice is to be made. 

I beg you, at the same time, to do me the justice to 
be assured, that this resolution has not been taken with- 
out a strict regard to all the considerations appertaining 
to the relation which binds a dutiful citizen to his 
country; and that, in withdrawing the tender of service, 
which silence in my situation might imply, I am in- 
fluenced by no diminution of zeal for your future in- 
terest — no deficiency of respect for your past kindness; 
but am supported by a full conviction that the step is 
compatible with both. 

The acceptance of, and continuance hitherto in, the 
office to which your suffrages have twice called me, have 
been a uniform sacrifice of inclination to the opinion of 
duty, and to a deference for what appeared to be your 
desire. I constantly hoped that it would have been 
much earlier in my power, consistently with motives 
12 (177) 



178 A STORE OF KNOWLEDGE. 

which I was not at liberty to disregard, to return to 
that retirement from which I had been reluctantly drawn. 
The strength of my inclination to do this, previous to 
the last election, had even led to the preparation of an 
address to declare it to you; but mature reflection on the 
then perplexed and critical posture of affairs with for- 
eign nations, and the unanimous advice of persons en- 
titled to my confidence, impelled me to abandon the 
idea. 

I rejoice that the state of your concerns, external as 
well as internal, no longer renders the pursuit of in- 
clination incompatible with the sentiment of duty or 
propriety; and am persuaded, whatever partiality may 
be retained for my services, that in the present circum- 
stances of our country, you will not disapprove of my 
determination to retire. 

The impressions with which I first undertook the ar- 
duous trust were explained on the proper occasion. In 
the discharge of this trust, I will only say, that I have, 
with good intentions, contributed toward the organiza- 
tion and administration of the government the best ex- 
ertions of which a very fallible judgment was capable. 
Not unconscious, in the outset, of the inferiority of my 
qualifications, experience in my own eyes, perhaps still 
more in the eyes of others, has strengthened the mo- 
tives to diffidence of myself; and every day the increas- 
ing weight of years admonishes me more and more that 
the shade of retirement is as necessary for me as it will 
be welcome. Satisfied that, if any circumstances have 
given peculiar value to my services, they were tempora- 
ry, I have the consolation to believe that, while choice 
and prudence invite me to quit the political scene, pa- 
triotism does not forbid it. 



A STORE OF KNOWLEDGE. 179 

In looking forward to the moment which is to ter- 
minate the career of my political life, my feelings do 
not permit me to suspend the deep acknowledgment of 
that debt of gratitude which I owe to my beloved coun- 
try, for the many honors it has conferred upon me; still 
more for the steadfast confidence with which it has sup- 
ported me; and for the opportunities I have thence en- 
joyed, of manifesting my inviolable attachment, by ser- 
vices faithful and persevering, though in usefulness 
unequal to my zeal. If benefits have resulted to our 
country from these services, let it always be remembered 
in your praise, and as an instructive example in our 
annals, that under circumstances in which the passions, 
agitated in every direction, were liable to mislead, amid 
appearances somewhat dubious, vicissitudes of fortune 
often discouraging, in situations in which, not un- 
frequently, want of success has countenanced the spirit 
of criticism, the constancy of your support was the es- 
sential prop of the efforts, and a guarantee of the plans 
by which they were effected. Profoundly penetrated 
with this idea, I shall carry it with me to my grave, as 
a strong incitement to unceasing wishes that Heaven 
may continue to you the choicest tokens of its benefi- 
cence; that your union and brotherly affection may be 
perpetual; that the free constitution, which is the work 
of your hands, may be sacredly maintained; that its 
administration, in every department, may be stamped 
with wisdom and virtue; that, in fine, the happiness of 
the people of these states, under the auspices of liberty, 
may be made complete by so careful a preservation, and 
so prudent a use of this blessing, as will acquire to 
them the glory of recommending it to the applause, the 
affection and adoption of every nation which is yet a 
stranger to it. 



180 A STOKE OF KNOWLEDGE. 

Here, perhaps, I ought to stop; but a solicitude for 
your welfare, which can not end but with my life, and 
the apprehension of danger natural to that solitude, urge 
me, on an occasion like the present, to offer to your 
solemn contemplation, and to recommend to your fre- 
quent review, some sentiments, which are the result of 
much reflection, of no inconsiderable observation, and 
which appear to me all-important to the permanency 
of your felicity as a people. These will be offered to 
you with the more freedom, as you can only see in them 
the disinterested warnings of a parting friend who can 
possibly have no personal motive to bias his counsel; 
nor can I forget as an encouragement to it, your indul- 
gent reception of my sentiments on a former and not 
dissimilar occasion. 

Interwoven as is the love of liberty with every liga- 
ment of our hearts, no recommendation of mine is 
necessary to fortify or confirm the attachment. 

The unity of government which constitutes you one 
people is also now dear to you. It is justly so; for it 
is a main pillar in the edifice of your real independence; 
the support of your tranquillity at home, your peace 
abroad; of your safety; of your prosperity; of that 
very liberty which you so highly prize. But as it is 
easy to foresee, that from different causes and from dif- 
ferent quarters, much pains will be taken, many artifices 
employed, to weaken, in your minds, the conviction of 
this truth; as this is the point in your political fortress 
against which the batteries of internal and external 
enemies will be most constantly and actively (though 
often covertly and insidiously) directed, it is of infinite 
moment that you should properly estimate the immense 
value of your national union to your collective and in- 



A STORE OF KNOWLEDGE. 181 

dividual happiness; that you should cherish a cordial, 
habitual and immovable attachment to it; accustoming 
yourselves to think and speak of it as a palladium of 
your political safety and prosperity; watching for its 
preservation with jealous anxiety; discountenancing 
whatever may suggest even a suspicion that it can, in 
any event, be abandoned; and indignantly frowning 
upon the first dawning of every attempt to alienate any 
portion of our country from the rest, or to enfeeble the 
sacred ties which now link together the various parts. 

For this you have every inducement of sympathy and 
interest. Citizens by birth or choice of a common 
country, that country has a right to concentrate your 
affections. The name of American, which belongs to 
you in your national capacity, must always exalt the 
just pride of patriotism, more than any appellation de- 
rived from local discriminations. With slight shades 
of difference, you have the same religion, manners, 
habits, and political principles. You have, in a com- 
mon cause, fought and triumphed together; the inde- 
pendence and liberty you possess are the work of joint 
councils and joint efforts, of common dangers, suffer- 
ings, and success. 

But these considerations, however powerfully they 
address themselves to your sensibility, are generally 
outweighed by those which apply more immediately to 
your interest; here every portion of our country finds 
the most commanding motives for carefully guarding 
and preserving the union of the whole. 

The north, in an unrestrained intercourse with the 
south, protected by the equal laws of a common govern- 
ment, finds in the productions of the latter great addi- 
tional resources of maritime and commercial enterprise, 



182 A STORE OF KNOWLEDGE. 

and precious materials of manufacturing industry. The 
south, in the same intercourse, benefiting by the same 
agency of the north, sees its agriculture grow and its 
commerce expand. Turning partly into its own chan- 
nels the seamen of the north, it finds its particular navi- 
gation invigorated; and while it contributes, in differ- 
ent ways, to nourish and increase the general mass of 
the national navigation, it looks forward to the protec- 
tion of a maritime strength, to which itself is unequally 
adapted. The east, in like intercourse with the west, in 
the progressive improvement of interior communications 
by land and water, will more and more find a valuable 
vent for the commodities which it brings from abroad 
or manufactures at home. The west derives from the 
east supplies requisite to its growth and comfort; and 
what is perhaps of still greater consequence, it must, of 
necessity, owe the secure enjoyment of the indispensable 
outlets for its own productions, to the weight, influence 
and future maritime strength of the Atlantic side of the 
union, directed by an indissoluble community of interest 
as one nation. Any other tenure by which the west 
can hold this essential advantage, whether derived from 
its own separate strength, or from an apostate and un- 
natural connection with any foreign power, must be in- 
trinsically precarious. 

While, then, every part of our country thus feels an 
immediate and particular interest in union,, all the parts 
combined can not fail to find, in the united mass of 
means and efforts, greater strength, greater resource, 
proportionably greater security from external danger, a 
less frequent interruption of their peace by foreign na- 
tions; and what is of inestimable value, they must de- 
rive from union an exemption from those broils and 






A STORE OF KNOWLEDGE. 183 

wars between themselves which so frequently afflict 
neighboring countries not tied together by the same 
government, which their own rivalships alone would be 
sufficient to produce, but which opposite foreign allian- 
ces, attachments, and intrigues would stimulate and em- 
bitter. Hence, likewise, they will avoid the necessity 
of those overgrown military establishments which, un- 
der any form of government, are inauspicious to liberty, 
and which are to be regarded as particularly hostile to 
republican liberty; in this sense it is that your union 
ought to be considered as a main prop of your liberty, 
and that the love of the one ought to endear to you the 
preservation of the other. 

These considerations speak a persuasive language to 
every reflecting and virtuous mind, and exhibit the con- 
tinuance of the union as a primary object of patriotic de- 
sire. Is there a doubt whether a common government 
can embrace so large a sphere? Let experience solve it. To 
listen to mere speculation in such a case were criminal. 
We are authorized to hope that a proper organization of 
the whole, with the auxiliary agency of governments for 
the respective subdivisions, will afford a happy issue of 
the experiment. It is well worth a fair and full experi- 
ment. With such powerful and obvious motives to 
union, affecting all parts of our country, while experi- 
ence shall not have demonstrated its impracticabilit}^, 
there will always be reason to distrust the patriotism of 
those who, in any quarter, may endeavor to weaken its 
bands. • 

In contemplating the causes which may disturb our 
union, it occurs as matter of serious concern, that any 
ground should have been furnished for characterizing 
parties by geographical discriminations — northern and 



184: A STORE OF KNOWLEDGE. 

southern, atlantic and western — whence designing men 
may endeavor to excite a belief that there is a real dif- 
ference of local interests and views. One of the expe- 
dients of party to acquire influence within particular 
districts, is to misrepresent the opinions and aims of 
other districts. You cannot shield yourselves too much 
against the jealousies and heart-burnings which spring 
from these misrepresentations; they tend to render alien 
to each other those who ought to be bound together by 
fraternal affection. The inhabitants of our western 
country have lately had a useful lesson on this head; 
they have seen, in the negotiation by the executive, and 
in the unanimous ratification by the senate, of the 
treaty with Spain, and in the universal satisfaction at 
that event throughout the United States, a decisive 
proof how unfounded were the suspicions propagated 
among them of a policy in the general government and 
in the Atlantic states unfriendly in regard to the Mis- 
sissippi; they have been witnesses to the formation of 
two treaties — that with Great Britain and that with 
Spain — which secure to them everything they could de- 
sire, in respect to our foreign relations, toward confirm- 
ing their prosperity. Will it not be their wisdom to 
rely, for the preservation of these advantages, on the 
union by which they were procured? Will they not 
henceforth be deaf to those advisers, if such there are, 
who would sever them from their brethren and connect 
them with aliens? 

To the efficacy and permanency of your union, a gov- 
ernment for the whole is indispensable. No alliances, 
however strict, between the parts, can be an adequate 
substitute; they must inevitably experience the infrac- 
tions and interruptions which alliances, in all times, 



A STORE OF KNOWLEDGE. 185 

have experienced. Sensible of this momentous truth, 
you have improved upon your first essay by the adop- 
tion of a constitution of government better calculated 
than your former for an intimate union, and for the effi- 
cacious management of your common concerns. This 
government, the offspring of your own choice, uninflu- 
enced and unawed, adopted upon full investigation and 
mature deliberation, completely free in its principles, in 
the distribution of its powers, uniting security with en- 
ergy, and containing within itself provision for its own 
amendment, has a just claim to your confidence and 
your support. Respect for its authority, compliance 
with its laws, acquiescence in its'measures, are duties en- 
joined by the fundamental maxims of true liberty. The 
basis of our political system is the right of the people 
to make and to alter their constitutions of government; 
but the constitution which, at any time, exists, until 
changed by an explicit and authentic act of the whole 
people, is sacredly obligatory upon all. The very 
idea of the power and the right of the people to estab- 
lish government, presupposes the duty of every individ- 
ual to obey the established government. 

All obstructions to the execution of the laws, all com- 
binations and associations, under whatever plausible 
character, with the real design to direct, control, coun- 
teract, or awe the regular deliberation and action of the 
constituted authorities, are destructive of this funda- 
mental principle, and of fatal tendency. They serve to 
organize faction, to give it an artificial and extraordinary 
force, to put in the place of the delegated will of the 
nation, the will of party, often a small but artful and 
enterprising minority of the community, and according 
to the alternate triumphs of different parties, to make 



186 A STORE OF KNOWLEDGE. 

the public administration the mirror of the ill-concerted 
and incongruous projects of faction, rather than the or- 
gan of consistent and wholesome plans, digested by com- 
mon councils, and modified by mutual interests. 

However combinations or associations of the above 
description may now and then answer popular ends, they 
are likely, in the course of time and things, to become 
potent engines by which cunning, ambitious and un- 
principled men will be enabled to subvert the power of 
the people, and to usurp for themselves the reins of 
government, destroying afterward the very engines 
which have lifted them to unjust dominion. 

Towards the preservation of your government and 
the permanency of your present happy state, it is requi- 
site, not only that you steadily denounce irregular op- 
position to its acknowledged authority, but also that you 
resist with care the spirit of innovation npon its princi- 
ples, however specious the pretexts. One method of 
assault may be, to effect, in the forms of the constitu- 
tion, alterations which will impair the energy of the 
system, and thus to undermine what cannot be directly 
overthrown. In all the changes to which you may be 
invited, remember that time and habit are at least as 
necessary to fix the true character of governments as "of 
other human institutions; that experience is the surest 
standard by which to test the real tendency of the exist- 
ing constitutions of a country; that facility in changes, 
upon the credit of mere hypothesis and opinion, exposes 
to perpetual change, from the endless variety of hypoth- 
esis and opinion; and remember, especially, that, from 
the efficient management of your common interests, in 
a country so extensive as ours, a government of as much 
vigor as is consistent with the perfect security of liberty 






A STORE OF KNOWLEDGE. 187 

is indispensable. Liberty itself will find in such a gov- 
ernment, with powers properly distributed and adjusted, 
its surest guardian. It is, indeed, little else than a 
name where the government is too feeble to withstand 
the enterprises of faction, to confine each member of 
society within the limits prescribed by the laws, and to 
maintain all in the secure and tranquil enjoyment of 
the rights of person and property. 

I have already intimated to you the danger of parties 
in the state, with particular reference to the founding 
of them on geographical discriminations. Let me now 
take a more comprehensive view, and warn you, in the 
most solemn manner, against the baneful effects of the 
spirit of party generally. 

This spirit, unfortunately, is inseparable from our na- 
ture, having its root in the strongest passions of the 
human mind. It exists, under different shapes, in all 
governments, more or less stifled, controlled, or re- 
pressed; but in those of the popular form it is seen in 
its greatest rankness, and is truly their worst enemy. 

The alternate domination of one faction over another, 
sharpened by the spirit of revenge natural to party dis- 
sension, which, in different ages and countries, has 
perpetrated the most horrid enormities, is itself a fright- 
ful despotism. But this leads at length to a more 
formal and permanent despotism. The disorders and 
miseries which result, gradually incline the minds of 
men to seek security and repose in the absolute power 
of an individual, and, sooner or later, the chief of some 
prevailing faction, more able or more fortunate than his 
competitors, turns this disposition to the purposes of 
his own elevation on the ruins of the public liberty. 

Without looking forward to an extremity of this kind 



188 A STORE OF KNOWLEDGE. 

(which, nevertheless, ought not to be entirely out of 
sight, the common and continual mischiefs of the spirit 
of party are sufficient to make it the interest and duty 
of a wise people to discourage and restrain it. 

It serves always to distract the public councils, and 
enfeeble the public administration. It agitates the 
community with ill-founded jealousies and false alarms; 
kindles the animosity of one part against another, fo- 
ments occasional riot and insurrection. It opens the 
door to foreign influence and corruption, which finds a 
facilitated access to the government itself, through the 
channels of party passion. Thus the policy and will of 
one country are subjected to the policy and will of 
another. 

There is an opinion that parties in free countries are 
useful checks upon the administration of the govern- 
ment, and serve to keep alive the spirit of liberty. This, 
within certain limits, is probably true; and in govern- 
ments of a monarchical cast, patriotism may look with 
indulgence, if not with favor, upon the spirit of party. 
But in those of popular character, in governments purely 
elective, it is a spirit not to be encouraged. From the 
natural tendency, it is certain there will always be 
enough of that spirit for every salutary purpose. And 
there being constant danger of excess, the effort ought 
to be, by force of public opinion, to mitigate and assuage 
it. A fire not to be quenched, it demands a uniform 
vigilance to prevent its bursting into a flame, lest, instead 
of warming, it should consume. 

It is important, likewise, that the habits of thinking 
in a free country should inspire caution in those intrusted 
with its administration, to confine themselves within 
their respective constitutional spheres, avoiding, in the 



A STORE OF KNOWLEDGE. 189 

exercise of the powers of one department, to encroach 
upon another. The spirit of encroachment tends to 
consolidate the powers of all the departments in one, 
and thus to create, whatever the form of government, a 
real despotism. A just estimate of that love of power 
and proneness to abuse it, which predominate in the 
human heart, is sufficient to satisfy us of the truth of 
this position. The necessity of reciprocal checks in the 
exercise of political power, by dividing and distributing 
it into different depositories, and constituting each the 
guardian of the public weal against invasions of the other, 
has been evinced by experiments, ancient and modern; 
some of them in our country, and under our own eyes. 
To preserve them must be as necessary as to institute 
them. If, in the opinion of the people, the distribution 
or modification of the constitutional powers be in any 
particular wrong, let it be corrected by an amendment 
in the way in which the constitution designates. But 
let there be no change by usurpation; for though this in 
one instance may be the instrument of good, it is the 
customary weapon by which free governments are 
destroyed. The precedent must always greatly overbal- 
ance in permanent evil any partial or transient benefit 
which the use can at any time yield. 

Of all the dispositions and habits which lead to polit- 
ical prosperity, religion and morality are indispensable 
supports. In vain would that man claim the tribute of 
patriotism who should labor to subvert these great pillars 
of human happiness — these firmest props of the duties 
of men and citizens. The mere politician, equally with 
the pious man, ought to respect and to cherish them. 
A volume could not trace all their connection with private 
and public felicity. Let it be simply asked, where is the 



190 A STORE OF KNOWLEDGE. 

security for property, for reputation, for life, if the sense 
of religious obligation desert the oaths which are the 
instruments of investigation in courts of justice? And 
let us with caution indulge the supposition that morality 
can be maintained without religion. Whatever may be 
conceded to the influence of refined education on minds 
of peculiar structure, reason and experience both forbid 
us to expect that national morality can prevail in exclu- 
sion of religious principles. 

It is substantially true that virtue or morality is a 
necessary spring of popular government. The- rule 
indeed extends with more or less force to every species 
of free government. Who that is a sincere friend to it 
can look with indifference upon attempts to shake the 
foundation of the fabric? 

Promote, then, as an object of primary importance, 
institutions for the general diffusion of knowledge. In 
proportion as the structure of a government gives force 
to public opinion, it is essential that public opinion 
should be enlightened. 

As a very important source of strength and security, 
cherish public credit. One method of preserving it is 
to use it as sparingly as possible, avoiding occasions of 
expense by cultivating peace, but remembering, also, 
that timely disbursements to prepare for danger fre- 
quently prevent much greater disbursements to repel it; 
avoiding, likewise, the accumulation of debt, not only 
by shunning occasions of expense, but by vigorous exer- 
tions in time of peace to discharge the debts which una- 
voidable wars have occasioned, not ungenerously throwing 
upon posterity the burden which we ourselves ought to 
bear. The execution of these maxims belongs to your 
representatives, but it is necessary that public opinion 



A STOKE OF KNOWLEDGE. 191 

should co-operate. To facilitate to them the perform- 
ance of their duty, it is essential you should practically 
bear in mind that, toward the payment of debts, there 
must be revenue; that to have revenue there must be 
taxes; that no taxes can be devised which are not more 
or less inconvenient and unpleasant; that the intrinsic 
embarrassment inseparable from the selection of the 
proper objects (which is always a choice of difficulties), 
ought to be a decisive motive for a candid construction 
of the conduct of the government in making it, and for 
a spirit of acquiescence in the measures for obtaining 
revenue, which the public exigencies may at any time 
dictate. 

Observe good faith and justice toward all nations; 
cultivate peace and harmony with all. Religion and 
morality enjoin this conduct; and can it be that good 
policy does not equally enjoin it? It will be worthy of 
a free, enlightened, and, at no distant period, a great 
nation, to give to mankind the magnanimous and too 
novel example of a people always guided by an exalted 
justice and benevolence. Who can doubt that in the 
course of time and things the fruits of such a plan would 
richly repay any temporary advantages that might be 
lost by a steady adherence to it? Can it be that Provi- 
dence has connected the permanent felicity of a nation 
with its virtue? The experiment, at least, is recom- 
mended by every sentiment which ennobles human 
nature. Alas! it is rendered impossible by its vices. 

In the execution of such a plan, nothing is more 
essential than that permanent, inveterate antipathies 
against particular nations and passionate attachments for 
others should be excluded; and that, in the place of 
them, just and amicable feelings toward all should be 



192 A STOEE OF KNOWLEDGE 

cultivated. The nation which indulges toward another 
an habitual hatred or an habitual fondness is in some 
degree a slave. It is a slave to its animosity or to its 
affection, either of which is sufficient to lead it astray 
from its duty and its interest. Antipathy in one nation 
against another disposes each more readily to offer insult 
and injury, to lay hold of slight causes of umbrage, and 
to be haughty and intractable when accidental or trifling 
occasions of dispute occur. 

Hence, frequent collisions and obstinate, envenomed 
and bloody contests. The nation, prompted by ill-will 
and resentment, sometimes impels to war the govern- 
ment contrary to the best calculations of policy. The 
government sometimes participates in the national pro- 
pensity, and adopts, through passion, what reason would 
reject. At other times it makes the animosity of the 
nation subservient to the projects of hostility, instigated 
by pride, ambition, and other sinister and pernicious 
motives. The peace often, sometimes perhaps the lib- 
erty, of nations has been the victim. 

So, likewise, a passionate attachment of one nation 
for another produces a variety of evils. Sympathy for 
the favorite nation, facilitating the illusion of an imag- 
inary common interest in cases where no real common 
interest exists, and infusing into one the enmities of the 
other, betrays the former into a participation in the 
quarrels and the wars of the latter, without adequate 
inducements or justification. It leads, also, to conces- 
sions to the favorite nation of privileges denied to oth- 
ers, which are apt doubly to injure the nation making 
the concessions by unnecessarily parting with what 
ought to have been retained, and by exciting jealousy, 
ill-will, and a disposition to retaliate in the parties from 



A STORE OF KNOWLEDGE. 193 

whom equal privileges are withheld; and it gives to 
ambitious, corrupt or deluded citizens, who devote them- 
selves to the favorite nation, facility to betray or sacri- 
fice the interests of their own country without odium, 
sometimes even with popularity, gilding with the 
appearances of a virtuous sense of obligation to a com- 
mendable deference for public opinion, or a laudable 
zeal for public good, the base or foolish compliances of 
ambition, corruption or infatuation. 

As avenues to foreign influences in innumerable ways, 
such attachments are particularly alarming to the truly 
enlightened and independent patriot. How many oppor- 
tunities do they afford to tamper with domestic factions, 
to practice the arts of seduction, to mislead public opin- 
ion, to influence or awe the public councils! Such an 
attachment of a small or weak nation toward a great 
and powerful one dooms the former to be the satellite 
of the latter. Against the insidious wiles of foreign 
influence, I conjure you to believe me, fellow-citizens, 
the jealousy of a free people ought to be constantly 
awake, since history and experience prove that foreign 
influence is one of the most baneful foes of republican 
government. But that jealousy, to be useful, must be 
impartial, else it becomes the instrument of the very 
influence to be avoided, instead of a defense against it. 
Excessive partiality for one foreign nation and excessive 
dislike for another cause those whom they actuate to see 
danger only on one side, and serve to veil and even sec- 
ond the arts of influence on the other. Real patriots, 
who may resist the intrigues of the favorite, are liable 
to become suspected and odious, while its tools and 
dupes usurp the applause and confidence of the people 
to surrender their interests. 
13 



194 A STORE OF KNOWLEDGE. 

The great rule of conduct for us in regard to foreign 
nations is, in extending our commercial relations, to 
have with them as little political connection as possible. 
So far as we have already formed engagements, let them 
he fulfilled with perfect good faith. Here let us stop. 

Europe has a set of primary interests which to us 
have none or a very remote relation. Hence, she must 
be engaged in frequent controversies, the causes of which 
are essentially foreign to our concerns. Hence, there- 
fore, it must be unwise in us to implicate ourselves by 
artificial ties in the ordinary vicissitudes of her politics, 
or the ordinary combinations and collisions of her friend- 
ships or enmities. 

Our detached and distant situation invites and enables 
us to pursue a different course. If we remain one peo- 
ple, under an efficient government, the period is not far 
off when we may defy material injury from external 
annoyance; when we may take such an attitude as will 
cause the neutrality we may at any time resolve upon 
to be scrupulously respected; when belligerent nations, 
under the impossibility of making acquisitions upon us, 
will not lightly hazard the giving us provocation; when 
we may choose peace or war, as our interests, guided by 
justice, shall counsel. 

Why forego the advantages of so peculiar a situation? 
Why quit our own to stand on foreign ground? Why, 
by interweaving our destiny with that of any part of 
Europe, entangle our peace and prosperity in the toils 
of European ambition, rivalship, interest, humor or 
caprice? 

It is our true policy to steer clear of permanent alli- 
ances with any portion of the foreign world, so far, I 
mean, as we are now at liberty to do it; for let me not be 



A STORE OF KNOWLEDGE. 195 

understood as capable of patronizing infidelity to exist- 
ing engagements. I hold the maxim no less applicable 
to public than to private affairs, that honesty is always 
the best policy. I repeat, therefore, let those engage- 
ments be observed in their genuine sense. But, in my 
opinion, it is unnecessary and would be unwise to extend 
them, i 

Taking care always to keep ourselves by suitable 
establishments on a respectable defensive posture, we 
may safely trust to temporary alliances for extraordinary 
emergencies. 

Harmony and liberal intercourse with all nations are 
recommended by policy, humanity and interest. But 
even our commercial policy should hold an equal and 
impartial hand; neither seeking nor granting exclusive 
favors or preferences; consulting the natural course of 
things; diffusing and diversifying by gentle means the 
stream of commerce, but forcing nothing; establishing, 
with powers so disposed (in order to give trade a stable 
course, to define the rights of our merchants, to enable 
the government to support them), conventional rules of 
intercourse, the best that present circumstances and 
natural opinion will permit, but temporary, and liable 
to be, from time to time, abandoned or varied as expe- 
rience or circumstances shall dictate; constantly keeping 
in view that it is folly in one nation to look for disinter- 
ested favors from another; that it must pay with a por- 
tion of its independence for whatever it may accept 
under that character; that by such acceptance it may 
place itself in the condition of having given equivalents 
for nominal favors, and yet of being reproached with 
ingratitude for not having given more. There can be 
no greater error than to expect or calculate upon real 



196 A STORE OF KNOWLEDGE. 

favors from nation to nation. It is an illusion which 
experience must cure, which a just pride ought to dis- 
card. 

In offering to you, my countrymen, these counsels of 
an old, affectionate friend, I dare not hope that they will 
make the strong and lasting impression I could wish; 
that they will control the usual current of the passions, 
or prevent our nation from running the course which 
has hitherto marked the destiny of nations. But if I 
may even flatter myself that they may be productive of 
some partial' benefit, some occasional good; that they 
may now and then recur to moderate the fury of party 
spirit, to warn against the mischiefs of foreign intrigue, 
to guard against the impostures of pretended patriotism; 
this hope will be a full recompense for the solicitude for 
your welfare by which they have been dictated. 

How far, in the discharge of my official duties, I have 
been guided by the principles which have been deline- 
ated, the public records and the other evidences of my 
conduct must witness to you and to the world. To 
myself, the assurance of my own conscience is that I 
have at least believed myself to be guided by them. 

In relation to the still subsisting war in Europe, my 
proclamation of the 22d of April, 1793, is the index to 
my plan. Sanctioned by your approving voice, and by 
that of your representatives in both houses of congress, 
the spirit of that measure has continually governed me, 
uninfluenced by any attempts to deter or divert me 
from it. 

After deliberate examination, with the aid of the best 
lights I could obtain, I was well satisfied that our coun- 
try, under all the circumstances of the case, had a right 
to take, and was bound in duty and interest to take, a 



A STORE OF KNOWLEDGE. 197 

neutral position. Having taken it, I determined, as far 
as should depend upon me, to maintain it with modera- 
tion, perseverance and firmness. 

The considerations which respect the right to hold 
this conduct, it is not necessary on this occasion to detail. 
I will only observe that, according to my understanding 
of the matter, that right, so far from being denied by 
any of the belligerent powers, has been virtually admit- 
ted by all. 

The duty of holding a neutral conduct may be inferred, 
without anything more, from the obligation which jus- 
tice and humanity impose on every nation, in cases in 
which it is free to act, to maintain inviolate the rela- 
tions of peace and amity toward other nations. 

The inducements of interest for observing that con- 
duct will best be referred to your own reflections and 
experience. With me, a predominant motive has been 
to endeavor to gain time to our country to settle and 
mature its yet recent institutions, and to progress with- 
out interruption to that degree of strength and constancy 
which is necessary to give it, humanly speaking, the 

mm and of its own fortunes. 

Though, in reviewing the incidents of my administra- 
tion, I am unconscious of intentional error, I am, nev- 
ertheless, too sensible of my defects not to think it 
probable that I may have committed many errors. 
Whatever they may be, I fervently beseech the Almighty- 
to avert or mitigate the evils to which they may tend. 
I shall also carry with me the hope that my country will 
never cease to view them with indulgence, and that, 
after forty -five years of my life dedicated to its service, 
with an upright zeal, the faults of incompetent abilities 
will be consigned to oblivion, as myself must soon be 
to the mansions of rest. 



198 A STORE OF KNOWLEDGE. 

Relying on its kindness in this, as in other things, and 
actuated by that fervent love toward it which is so nat- 
ural to a man who views in it the native soil of himself 
and his progenitors for several generations, I anticipate, 
with pleasing expectations, that retreat in which I prom- 
ise myself to realize without alloy the sweet enjoyment 
of partaking, in the midst of my fellow-citizens, the 
benign influence of good laws under a free government, 
the ever favorite object of my heart, and the happy 
reward, as I trust, of our mutual cares, labors and dan- 
gers. George Washington. 



ASSASSINATION OF PRESIDENT GARFIELD. 

SATURDAY, JULY 2, 1881. 

At nine o'clock and thirty minutes this morning, the 
news flashed over the wires of an attempted assassina- 
tion of the President, while waiting at the Baltimore 
and Potomac Depot at Washington, to take the train for 
New York. The party consisted of eighteen persons, 
principally members of the cabinet and their families. 
Among those who intended making the trip with the 
President were Mrs. Garfield, Miss May Garfield, James 
and Henry Garfield, Dr. Hawke, Colonel Rockwell and 
son, Secretary Hunt and Mrs. Hunt, Secretary Windom 
and Mrs. Windom, Secretary Lincoln, General Swaim 
and Colonel Jamison. 

It was a part of the programme for General Swaim 
to precede the balance of the party, meet Mrs. Garfield 
at Long Branch and join the President and party at 
New York. After visiting Williams College, they were 
to visit the White Mountains of New England, and 
complete the tour about the 20th of July. 

Immediately after the President entered the ladies' 
waiting-room with Secretary Blaine, Charles Guiteau, 
the assassin, within three feet of the President, fired two 
shots at him in quick succession and turned to flee, but 
was arrested by the ticket agent, Parke, and Officer 
Kearney, to whom he said: " I did it. I am a Stalwart. 
Arthur is now president." 

After the President recovered from the shock and was 
(199) 



200 A STORE OF KNOWLEDGE. 

removed to his chamber in the White House, the fol- 
lowing telegram was sent to his wife: 

" Mrs. Garfield, Elberon, Long Branch : 

" The President wishes me to say to you, for him, that he has been 
seriously hurt. How seriously he cannot yet say. He is himself, 
and hopes you will come to him soon. He sends his love to you. 

"A. F. Rockwell." 

The officials of the Central Railroad of New Jersey tendered Mrs. 
Garfield a special train over their road to Washington, which she 
accepted. The train consisted of a baggage and one parlor car, 
attached to which was one of the finest locomotives in the company's 
service. . . 

Mrs. Garfield reached Washington at seven p. m. on 
the same day of the shooting of the President. 

The sad calamity created the profoundest sensation 
all over the land. The wires teemed with dispatches 
from at home and abroad, conveying deep regrets and 
indignation on account of the wicked crime, and hoping 
for his recovery. 

The following were some of the dispatches received: 

ENGLAND. 

11 To Sir Edward Thornton. British Ambassador, Washington : 
" The Queen desires that you will at once express the horror with 
which she has learned of the attempt upon the President's life, and 
her earnest hope for his recovery. Her majesty wishes for full and 
immediate reports as to his condition. 

" Lord Granville." 

SPAINo 

" Madrid, July 3,. 1881. 
" To the Spanish Minister, Washington: 

" In the name of the King, express to the government of the United 
States the profound sorrow that the attempt against the President's 
life has caused in Spain. His majesty and his government earnestly 
hope for the recovery of President Garfield." 



A STORE OF KNOWLEDGE. 201 

FRANCE. 

" Paris, July 3, 1881. 
14 M. De Geoproy, French Minister, Washington : 

44 Be good enough to convey to Madame Garfield the sentiment of 
sorrow and sympathy which the President and government feel. You 
will express, at the same time, to the Vice-president of the United 
States, the deep and profound grief which this attempt has caused 
throughout all France. Barthelemy St. Hilaire." 

IRELAND. 

44 Dublin, July 4, 1881. 
" Secretary Blaine : 

44 In behalf of the Irish members, I beg to express our horror at 
the crime against the chief magistrate of the American people, and 
our earnest prayer that his life may be spared. 

44 Parnell, House of Commons." 

JAPAN. 

44 Tokio, July 4, 1881. 
44 Yoshida, Japanese Minister, Washington, D. C. : 

44 The dispatch announcing an attempt upon the life of the Presi- 
dent has caused here profound sorrow, and you are hereby instructed 
to convey, in the name of his majesty, to the government of the 
United States, the deepest sympathy, and hope that his recovery will 
be speedy. Make immediate and full report regarding the sad event. 
44 Woo Yeno, Acting Minister of Foreign Affairs." 

FROM THE KING OF ROUMANIA. 

44 Bucharest, July 4, 1881. 
44 To President Garfield, -Washington : 

44 1 have learned with the greatest indignation, and deplore most 
deeply the horrible attempt against your precious life, and beg you 
to accept my warmest wishes for your quick recovery. 

44 Charles." 

ROME. 

Rome, July 3, 1881. 
Signor Mancini, Minister of Foreign Affairs, expressed condolence 
to Minister Marsh on behalf of the Italian government. 



202 A STORE OF KNOWLEDGE. 

"Governor's Island, July 3, 1881. 
41 General W. T. Sherman, U. S. A., Washington : 

" Received your last dispatch. If an opportune moment should 
come, please express to the President my heartfelt wishes for his 
complete recovery. W. S. Hancock." 

INDIANAPOLIS, IND. 

*• My heartfelt sympathy is with President Garfield, and I rejoice 
that you think his symptoms favorable. His death would be a great 
public calamity. At the prooer time, please communicate my kind 
wishes to him. Wm. H. English." - 

NEW YORK. 

"Your 6:45 telegram is very distressing. I still hope for more 
favorable tidings, and ask you to keep me advised. Please do not 
fail to express to Mrs. Garfield my deepest sympathy. 

" C. A. Arthur." 

NEW JERSEY. 

" Elberon, N. J., July 2, 1881. 
" Secretary Lincoln, Washington : 

" Please dispatch me the condition of the President. The news 
received conflicts. I hope the most favorable reports may be con- 
firmed. Express to the President my deep sympathy and hope that 
he may speedily recover. U. S. Grant." 

Charles J. Guiteau, a Canadian Frenchman by birth, 
and the would-be assassin, deserves as little publicity as 
possible. For the last ten years he had been loitering 
about in New York, Boston and Chicago, without any 
apparent means or ability. Four months previous to 
this dastardly act he went from Chicago to Washington, 
and during this time made several applications to the 
President and Secretary Blaine, both in person and by 
letter, for different appointments — one to be United 
States Consul at Marseilles, France. Shortly after the 
October election, 1880, he sent the following address to 
the President: 



A STORE OF KNOWLEDGE. 203 

11 New York City, Fifth Avenue Hotel. 
u Jas. A. Garfield, Mentor, O. : 

" Dear General: I, Charles Guiteau, hereby make application for 
the Austrian missiou. Being about to marry a wealthy and accom- 
plished heiress of this city, we think that together we might represent 
this nation with dignity and grace. On the principle of first come 
first served, I have faith that you will give this application favorable 
consideration. Charles Guiteau." 

Whatever induced the wretch to strike down the 
President, as it were, in the early morning of what 
promised to be a career of political usefulness, happiness 
and health, and a faithful devotion to the trust of a nation, 
remains to be seen. 

The opinion of most writers is to the effect that it 
was the act of a crazy, maddened fanatic, while a very 
few consider it the result of a plot. 



The following letter was taken from the prisoner's 
pocket at police headquarters: 

"July 2, 1881. 
" To the White House: 

" The President's tragic death was a sad necessity, but it will unite 
the Republican party and save the republic. Life is a flimsy dream 
and it matters little when one goes. A human life is of small value. 
During the war thousands of brave men went down without a tear. 
I presume the President was a Christian, and that he will be happier 
in paradise than here. It will be no worse for Mrs. Garfield, dear 
soul, to part with her husband this way than by natural death. He 
is liable to go at any time, anyway. I had no ill-will toward the 
President. His death was a political necessity. I am a lawyer, a 
theologian and a politician, and I am a Stalwart of the Stalwarts. I 
was wilh General Grant and the rest of our men in New York during 
the canvass. I have some papers for the press, which I shall leave 
with Byron Andrews and his co-journalists, at 1,420 New York ave- 
nue, where all the reporters can see them. I am going to the jail. 

" Charles Guiteau." 



204 A STORE OF KNOWLEDGE. 

THE MODE OF SUCCESSION IN CASE OF A PRESIDENT'S DEATH. 

The law, as enacted in the year 1792, remains in force, 
to the following effect: 

§ 146. In case of removal, death, resignation or inability of both 
the president and vice-president of the United States, the president 
of the senate, or, if there is none, then the speaker of the house of 
representatives, for the time being, sllall act as president until the 
disability is removed or a president elected. 

§ 147. Whenever the office of president and vice-president both 
become vacant, the secretary of state shall forthwith cause a notifica- 
tion thereof to be made to the executive of every state, and shall also 
cause the same to be published in at least one of the newspapers 
printed in each state. 

§ 148. The notification shall specify that electors of a president 
and vice-president of the United States shall be appointed or chosen 
in the several states, as follows: First, if there shall be the space of 
two months yet to ensue between the date of such notification and 
the first Wednesday in December then next ensuing, such notifica- 
tion shall specify that the electors shall be appointed or chosen 
within thirty-four days preceding such first Wednesday in Decem- 
ber. Second, if there shall not be the space of two months between 
the date of such notification and such first Wednesday in December, 
and if the term for which the president and vice-president last in 
office were elected will not expire on the third day of March next 
ensuing, the notification shall specify that the electors shall be 
appointed or chosen within thirty-four days preceding the first 
Wednesday in December in the year next ensuing; but if there shall 
rest the space of two months between the date of such notification 
and the first Wednesday in December then next ensuing, and if the 
term for which the president and vice-president last in office were 
elected will expire on the third day of March next ensuing, the noti- 
fication shall not specify that electors are to be appointed or chosen. 

§ 149. Electors appointed or chosen upon the notification pre- 
scribed by the preceding section shall meet and give their votes upon 
the first Wednesday in December, specified in the notification. 



A STORE OF KNOWLEDGE. 205 

IT MIGHT HAVE BEEN. 

Any faction or a dissatisfied element of a political 
party will do more, directly or indirectly, to disorganize 
the party than its greatest common foe can do. 

When two or more great parties meet in a political 
canvass they measure their strength at the ballot-box, 
and no matter how bitter the strife, a redeeming quality 
is found in the fact that every American citizen acqui- 
esces peacefully in the result. The minority yields to 
the majority and our chief magistrate is no longer an 
exponent of some political organization, but the acknowl- 
edged ruler of all. This fact has been fully demonstrated 
since the attempt upon the life of President Garfield. 
Telegrams of condolence poured in from all the people 
of our country, regardless of all party affiliations. And 
the nations of Europe manifested a deep sympathy in 
our national sorrow. 

The bitter animosity engendered at a political warfare 
subsides at the close of an election, and quiet prevails 
until occasion calls forth another strife for political 
supremacy. 

Not so with a faction of a party. It does not always 
end at an election, and if not thwarted in time, will not 
only defeat itself, but utterly demoralize and ruin the 
very party of which it is a factor. 

Washington says, in his " Farewell Address," that the 
alternate domination of one faction over another, sharp- 
ened by the spirit of revenge natural to party dissension, 
which, in different ages and countries, has perpetrated 
the most horrid enormities, is itself a frightful des- 
potism. 

The disorders and miseries which result gradually 



206 A STORE OF KNOWLEDGE. 

incline the minds of men to seek security and repose in 
the absolute power of an individual, and, sooner or later, 
the chief of some prevailing faction, more able or more 
fortunate than his competitors, turns this disposition to 
the purposes of his own elevation on the ruins of the 
public liberty. Toward the preservation of your gov- 
ernment and the permanency of your present happy 
state, it is requisite, not only that you steadily discoun- 
tenance irregular opposition to its acknowledged author- 
ity^ but also that you resist with care the spirit of 
innovation upon its principles, however [specious the 
pretexts. 

In the present crisis, with our President badly wounded, 
we have the outgrowth of political discord. 

While we do not entertain the idea that the attempted 
assassination was a conspiracy, we believe that the wicked 
man's mind, if deranged at all, drifted into the current 
of public agitation and imagined that the welfare of the 
country demanded the life of the President at his hands, 
whereby had there been no discontent in the party — had 
the administration been fully indorsed and assisted by 
the united effort of all its members, the assassin's mind 
might have taken some other course, and, if ending in 
murder at all, it could not have been more disastrous, 
while it might have been of much less consequence. 

Suppose the attack had resulted in instant death, as 
was the intention, and the death of Arthur had followed 
immediately, from wdiatever cause, then we should have 
been without a president, and the field open for an elec- 
tion. 

Each congress elects its own speaker. The forty-sixth 
congress went out of power March 4, 1881, and the next, 
or forty-seventh congress, would not convene in regular 



A STORE OF KNOWLEDGE. 207 

session until December, 1881. The United States sen- 
ate adjourned in May, 1881, without electing a president 
of the senate pro tern. JS"ow, in the absence of the pres- 
ident and vice-president, the president of the senate pro 
tern, or, if there be none, then the speaker of the hoi.se, 
shall act until a president is elected. 

In this case and at this time, we have neither a pres- 
ident pro tern of the United States senate nor a speaker 
of the house of representatives. Consequently we would 
be without a president until one could be elected by the 
people. And the length of this interregnum would 
depend upon circumstances. 

By section 147, the secretary of state shall prepare 
for an election. 

By section 148, if there should be a space of two 
months between the secretary's notification of an elec- 
tion and the first Wednesday in December following, 
then we would be without a ruler for two months; but 
if there should not be a space of two months, etc., then 
we would be without a president until the second Decem- 
ber following said notification; provided the term of the 
president and vice-president would not expire at the 
March ensuing the first December, following the secre- 
tary's notification of an election. And in the present 
case it would not. 

But this is merely a speculation on the life and death 
of two men under the present circumstances. While 
an interregnum is possible at any time, the contingency 
in the present case was almost tangible, and it is to be 
hoped will never occur again in the history of our 
nation. 




5- Beatty's Organs. 




Warranted Siz Tears. 

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Including the Famous Vox Ce- 
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ORDER ONE. 



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(.» BEATTY'S PATENT STOP ACTION. 

SPECIAL XOTH'E.-On and after April 1st, till Sept. 30, 1881, "London" 
New Style No. 5,000, will contain 5 full sets reeds, 18 stops (as described herewith) 
instead of 4 sets, 14 stops as formerly. This is a special offer and made solely as a 
special Mid-Summer Holiday offer. I DEFY Competition. 

It contains five octaves, five full sets of the Celebrated Golden Tongue Reeds, as 
follows : 2 sets of 2^ Oct. each (regulars), 1 set powerful SUB-BASS, 1 set FRENCH 
HORN, also 1 set Vox Celeste. 

^5 FULL SETS IN ALL, two knee stops, handles, lamp stands, pocket 
for music, Solid Black Walnut Case, carved, veneered, extra Large Fancy Top, as shown 
in the accompanying picture. It is a very STYLISH CASE. Upright bellows, 
steel springs, metal foot plates, rollers for moving, etc. 

Height, 72 in.; Depth, 24 in.; Length, 46 in.; Weight, 400 lbs. 

gW" Price, boxed, delivered on cars here, with stool, book, music, only $65. 

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pp" Organs, Church, Chapel and Parlor, $30 to $1000, 2 to 32 
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pW~ REMIT by Post-Omce Money Orders, Express prepaid, Bank Draft, or by 
a Registered Letter. Money Refunded and freight charges will be paid by me 
both ways, if the instrument is not just as represented. %W~ Please send refer- 
ence if you do not remit with order. lie sure to send for -Latest Illustrated 
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etc., sent free. 

Address or call upon DANIEL F. BEATTY, Washington, New Jersey. 

208 



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210 

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